![JCT Pillar Two Revenue effects and federal revenue effects of Pillar Two global minimum tax revenue JCT House Ways and Means Committee function Renewing Investment in American Workers and Supply Chains Act to boost US competitiveness Federal tobacco tax proposal, Tobacco Tax Equity Act, would impose a federal excise tax on tobacco (including a federal cigarette excise tax)](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/capitol_blue_sky_50-e1687455815800-300x200.jpeg)
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![JCT Pillar Two Revenue effects and federal revenue effects of Pillar Two global minimum tax revenue JCT House Ways and Means Committee function Renewing Investment in American Workers and Supply Chains Act to boost US competitiveness Federal tobacco tax proposal, Tobacco Tax Equity Act, would impose a federal excise tax on tobacco (including a federal cigarette excise tax)](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/capitol_blue_sky_50-e1687455815800-300x200.jpeg)
![Wyden affordable housing plan Wyden housing tax plan to solve housing crisis DASH Act biden affordable housing taxes, sales price of houses, supply of affordable housing, private mortgage insurance, Biden tax plan housing supply](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Rent-Relief-LINKEDIN-300x158.jpg)
The DASH Act Isn’t the Best Way to Solve the Housing Crisis
To tackle problems of homelessness and housing costs, Senator Ron Wyden (D-OR) has released a major tax proposal, the Decent Affordable Safe Housing (DASH) For All Act. Several of Wyden’s proposals are also components of the Biden administration’s infrastructure agenda, with a large focus on tax credits designed to either incentivize new housing or directly reduce rent burdens.
5 min read![temporary tax policies in budget reconciliation, Tax Provisions Expiring After 2025, TCJA expirations](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/tax-extenders-tax-expirations-calendar-time-date-e1630345634537-300x200.jpeg)
Don’t Add More Temporary Tax Policies in Budget Reconciliation
Temporary policy creates uncertainty for taxpayers and scheduling more expirations will add to the already-expiring provisions under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) of 2017.
3 min read![2022 tax filing season IRS backlog federal deductibility Biden increase tax compliance costs and tax enforcement tax gap discussion IRS commissioner](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/increasing_tax_compliance_costs_tax_gap_discussion_income_tax_filing_refund_optimized-e1630077994476-300x200.jpeg)
5 Things to Consider in the Tax Gap Discussion
Increasing tax compliance is a major part of the Biden administration proposal to raise revenue for physical and social infrastructure. Reducing the tax gap—the difference between taxes owed and taxes paid—is a good way to raise revenue, but it doesn’t come without trade-offs, and it’s important to go about it in the right way.
3 min read![EU excise duty on alcohol 2021 distilled spirits taxes in Europe. 2021 liquor taxes in Europe](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/EU-excise-duty-on-alcohol-2021-distilled-spirits-taxes-in-Europe.-2021-liquor-taxes-in-Europe-300x290.png)
Distilled Spirits Taxes in Europe
The highest excise duties are applied in Finland, Sweden, and Ireland, where the rates for a standard-size bottle of liquor are €14.10 ($16.08), €13.80 ($15.73), and €11.92 ($13.59), respectively.
1 min read![SALT cap repeal, State and local tax deduction cap repeal (state and local tax cap). Repealing the cap on the State and Local Tax Deduction would be regressive and mainly benefit the wealthy SALT deduction cap, House Ways and Means Committee testimony, impact of limiting SALT deduction, SALT deduction cap, State and Local Tax Deduction cap](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/capitol-us-capitol-hearing-event-federal-e1561477935763-300x200.jpeg)
Paying for Reconciliation Bill with “Health Care Savings” Threatens Medical Innovation
One of the ways lawmakers intend to pay for $3.5 trillion of new spending in the budget reconciliation package is by creating “health care savings.” The leading proposal to achieve this is H.R. 3, the Elijah Cummings Lower Drug Costs Now Act, which would change the way that prescription drug prices are negotiated under Medicare Part D.
5 min read![State and local tax deduction benefit by county, compare state and local taxes impact of SALT deduction benefit by county. SALT deduction benefit analysis](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/State-and-local-tax-deduction-benefit-by-county-compare-state-and-local-taxes-impact-of-SALT-deduction-benefit-by-county.-SALT-deduction-benefit-analysis-01-300x256.jpg)
Reviewing Benefits of the State and Local Tax Deduction by County in 2018
It is important to understand how the SALT deduction’s benefits have changed since the SALT cap was put into place in 2018 before repealing the cap or making the deduction more generous. Doing so would disproportionately benefit higher earners, making the tax code more regressive.
6 min read![U.S. Federal Individual Income Tax Rates History, 1862-2021, U.S. federal historical income tax rates, historical federal tax rates, and historical federal income tax rates income tax rates history tax deductions, regressivity of tax deductions](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/tax-compliance-1040-costs-e1561735884922-300x200.jpeg)
Historical U.S. Federal Individual Income Tax Rates & Brackets, 1862-2021
How do current federal individual income tax rates and brackets compare historically?
1 min read![Claiming 97 Percent of Small Businesses Exempt from Biden Taxes Is Misleading. Fact-checking claim that 97 percent of small businesses wont pay income taxes under Biden tax plan](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Claiming-97-Percent-of-Small-Businesses-Exempt-from-Biden-Taxes-Is-Misleading.-Fact-checking-claim-that-97-percent-of-small-businesses-wont-pay-income-taxes-under-Biden-tax-plan-300x200.jpg)
Claiming 97 Percent of Small Businesses Exempt from Biden Taxes Is Misleading
The Biden administration recently cited an analysis from Treasury claiming that “the President’s agenda will protect 97 percent of small business owners from income tax rate increases.” However, the figure is misleading. To assess the economic effect of higher marginal tax rates, it matters how much income or investment will be affected—not how many taxpayers.
3 min read![expanding tax credits in pandemic response to vulnerable](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/linkedin-In-Stream_Wide___money-mask-covid-19-e1593021832755-300x158.jpg)
COVID-19 Tax Relief Added to Increasing Share of Households Paying No Income Tax
According to the Tax Policy Center, an estimated 60 percent of U.S. households paid no income tax in 2020, up from around 43 percent of households in 2019.
4 min read![Money and 1040 forms symbolizing the new federal income tax returns](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Compliance-cost-1040-tax-compliance-TCJA-e1592339581334-300x201.jpeg)
Sources of Personal Income, Tax Year 2018
Reviewing the sources of personal income shows that the personal income tax is largely a tax on labor, primarily because our personal income is mostly derived from labor. However, varied sources of capital income also play a role in American incomes. While capital income sources are small compared to labor income, they are still significant and need to be accounted for, both by policymakers trying to collect revenue efficiently and by those attempting to understand the distribution of personal income.
10 min read![2021 wine taxes in Europe. Compare excise duty on wine, including germany wine tax, spain wine tax, and france wine tax](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/2021-wine-taxes-in-Europe.-Compare-excise-duty-on-wine-including-germany-wine-tax-spain-wine-tax-and-france-wine-tax-300x290.png)
Wine Taxes in Europe
As one might expect, southern European countries that are well-known for their wines—such as France, Greece, Portugal, and Spain—either don’t tax it or do so at a very low rate. But travel north and you’ll see countries that tend to levy taxes on wine—and often hefty taxes.
2 min read![Biden tax compliance plan to improve IRS funding and tax enforcement to improve tax collection](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Increasing-IRS-tax-enforcement-and-improving-tax-collection.-Learn-more-about-Biden-IRS-enforcement-and-funding-proposals-and-potential-tax-compliance-costs-for-taxpayers-e1629310385172-300x200.jpeg)
Considering Trade-offs to Improving Tax Collections
Recent Biden administration proposals rely heavily on revenue from better IRS tax collections to fund spending initiatives. The American Families Plan uses several avenues to reduce the tax gap (or the difference between taxes paid and taxes owed), from increasing the IRS’s tax enforcement budget to improving information technology and expanding reporting requirements.
4 min read![2021 state individual alternative minimum tax amt by state california individual alternative minimum tax colorado individual alternative minimum tax](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/2021-state-individual-alternative-minimum-tax-amt-by-state-california-individual-alternative-minimum-tax-colorado-individual-alternative-minimum-tax-300x264.png)
Does Your State Have an Individual Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT)?
The original goal of AMTs—to prevent deductions from eliminating income tax liability altogether—can be accomplished best by simplifying the existing tax structure, not by creating an alternative tax which adds complexity and lacks transparency and neutrality.
2 min read![sales tax rates by city, cities with highest sales tax rate, city highest sales tax rate, cities with the highest sales tax](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/chicago-090-300x200.jpg)
Sales Tax Rates in Major Cities, Midyear 2021
Neither Anchorage, Alaska, nor Portland, Oregon, impose any state or local sales taxes. Honolulu, Hawaii, has a low rate of 4.5 percent and several other major cities, including Milwaukee and Madison, Wisconsin, keep overall rates modest.
13 min read![American Rescue Plan premium tax credit expansion PTC](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/American-Rescue-Plan-premium-tax-credit-expansion-uncertainty-300x200.jpg)
Evaluating Trade-Offs of Expanded Premium Tax Credits as Enrollment Period Ends
August 15th was the deadline to take advantage of the premium tax credits originally provided in the Affordable Care Act and recently expanded in the American Rescue Plan. Future extensions may provide longer-lasting benefits, although the extensions may create trade-offs for consumer choice and program costs.
5 min read![2021 tax season, tax refunds, IRS extends tax filing deadline to May 17](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/IRS_extends_tax_filing_DC_50-300x200.jpeg)
Tackling the Tax Gap: What Can Be Achieved?
Learn about the tax gap, what it is, how the U.S. compares to other countries, and recent proposals aimed at closing it. We also explore how much revenue could actually be raised through increased tax enforcement, the current challenges the IRS faces, and how stronger enforcement could impact taxpayers at large.
![](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/science-in-hd-ohWC9_74YhQ-unsplash-11-300x197.jpg)
Tax Treatment of Nuclear Energy Should Be Simplified, Neutral, with Renewable Energy Sources
Tackling climate change and shifting the economy towards renewable energy has been a key part of the Biden administration’s agenda. However, this effort must first confront an overly complicated and non-neutral tax code, particularly in how it treats nuclear energy, for the White House to reach its ambitious goals.
6 min read![Gas Taxes in Europe, 2021](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/EU-Gas-2021-295x300.png)
Gas Taxes in Europe
3 min read![Digital tax debate, Digital taxes around the world, Digital economy taxes](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/digital-internet-work-technology-e1587071388784-300x200.jpg)
Striking Right Balance for Cryptocurrency Reporting Requirements in Bipartisan Infrastructure Package
While it makes sense to ensure cryptocurrency transactions are treated similarly to other financial assets, the nature of these requirements as written are potentially unworkable.
3 min read