Germany’s Tax System: Developments and Competitiveness

Germany ranks 16^th on the TaxA tax is a mandatory payment or charge collected by local, state, and national governments from individuals or businesses to cover the costs of general government services, goods, and activities. Foundation’s 2019 International Tax Competitiveness Index, a study that measures and compares how well OECD countries promote sustainable economic growth and investment through competitive and neutral tax systems. With Germany having seen few major changes to its tax system over the last years, this ranking has been relatively stable.

Looking at the different areas of taxation, Germany ranks above average on consumption taxA consumption tax is typically levied on the purchase of goods or services and is paid directly or indirectly by the consumer in the form of retail sales taxes, excise taxes, tariffs, value-added taxes (VAT), or an income tax where all savings is tax-deductible. es and international tax ruleInternational tax rules apply to income companies earn from their overseas operations and sales. Tax treaties between countries determine which country collects tax revenue, and anti-avoidance rules are put in place to limit gaps companies use to minimize their global tax burden. s, average on property taxA property tax is primarily levied on immovable property like land and buildings, as well as on tangible personal property that is movable, like vehicles and equipment. Property taxes are the single largest source of state and local revenue in the U.S. and help fund schools, roads, police, and other services. es, and relatively low on corporate and individual income taxAn individual income tax (or personal income tax) is levied on the wages, salaries, investments, or other forms of income an individual or household earns. The U.S. imposes a progressive income tax where rates increase with income. The Federal Income Tax was established in 1913 with the ratification of the 16th Amendment. Though barely 100 years old, individual income taxes are the largest source of tax revenue in the U.S. es.

Germany’s Ranking on the 2019 International Tax Competitiveness Index

Source: Tax Foundation, “2019 International Tax Competitiveness Index.”
Category	Score (out of 100)	Ranking (out of 36)
Overall	66.94	16
Corporate Income Tax	52.35	26
Individual Taxes	60.41	26
Consumption Taxes	75.93	10
Property Taxes	65.81	16
International Tax System	87.23	8

Reforms for 2020 include a new research and development (R&D) tax creditA tax credit is a provision that reduces a taxpayer’s final tax bill, dollar-for-dollar. A tax credit differs from deductions and exemptions, which reduce taxable income, rather than the taxpayer’s tax bill directly. , the abolishment of the solidarity surcharge for most income groups, various changes in taxing energy use, and an overhaul of property tax valuation.

Corporate Income TaxA corporate income tax (CIT) is levied by federal and state governments on business profits. Many companies are not subject to the CIT because they are taxed as pass-through businesses, with income reportable under the individual income tax.

Germany levies the third highest combined corporate income tax rate at 29.8 percent among European OECD countries (France and Portugal have higher rates at 34.4 percent and 31.5 percent, respectively), and the fifth highest among all OECD countries. The German Economy Minister proposed to cap the combined rate at 25 percent amid lowered expected GDP growth, but the proposal did not find its way into the 2020 budget.

Germany did, however, decide on a new R&D tax credit. Starting in 2020, businesses can claim a tax credit worth 25 percent of the wages and salaries paid to research staff. The base is capped at €2 million (US $2.3 million), translating to a maximum tax credit of €500,000 ($565,000). While R&D credits can foster innovation through R&D activity, technology transfer, and entrepreneurship, they tend to benefit certain firms and industries more than others, creating distortions in the economy.

Individual Taxes

German employees face the second highest tax burden on labor in the OECD; only Belgium’s tax wedgeA tax wedge is the difference between total labor costs to the employer and the corresponding net take-home pay of the employee. It is also an economic term that refers to the economic inefficiency resulting from taxes. is higher. A single worker without children earning an average wage pays 49.5 percent of total labor costs in taxes, and one-earner families with two children pay on average 34.4 percent.

To reduce the high tax burden on labor, the government will partially abolish the solidarity surcharge, a 5.5 percent surtaxA surtax is an additional tax levied on top of an already existing business or individual tax and can have a flat or progressive rate structure. Surtaxes are typically enacted to fund a specific program or initiative, whereas revenue from broader-based taxes, like the individual income tax, typically cover a multitude of programs and services. on individual and corporate income initially implemented to finance the German reunification, the participation in the Gulf War, and to support other European economies. Starting in 2021, taxpayers in the first nine income deciles (gross incomeFor individuals, gross income is the total pre-tax earnings from wages, tips, investments, interest, and other forms of income and is also referred to as “gross pay.” For businesses, gross income is total revenue minus cost of goods sold and is also known as “gross profit” or “gross margin.” up to €73,000) will no longer be subject to the solidarity surcharge; the next 6.5 percent will pay lower rates (gross incomes between €73,000 and €109,000), and the 3.5 percent top-earners (gross income above €109,000) will continue paying the full amount. Corporate income will also continue to be subject to the solidarity surcharge. The reform will decrease tax revenue by approximately €11 billion ($12 billion) annually.

In addition to the high tax wedge, Germany’s individual income tax system is associated with a high compliance burden. Measured as the number of hours it takes a business to comply with the individual income tax, Germany has the third most complex individual income tax system in the OECD at 134 hours a year (only Italy and Hungary require more hours). For comparison, it takes 14 hours in Luxembourg.

Consumption Taxes

The value-added tax (VAT) is well-structured, with a rate of 19 percent, just about the OECD average (19.1 percent); a compliance burden much lower than for the individual income tax at 43 hours annually; and a relatively broad tax baseThe tax base is the total amount of income, property, assets, consumption, transactions, or other economic activity subject to taxation by a tax authority. A narrow tax base is non-neutral and inefficient. A broad tax base reduces tax administration costs and allows more revenue to be raised at lower rates. at about 56 percent of final consumption.

As part of Germany’s Climate Action Program 2030, train travel will soon be subject to the reduced VAT rate of 7 percent and the aviation tax will be increased. In addition to various tax incentives for environmentally-friendly initiatives such as energy-efficient renovations of buildings, the tax base of the motor vehicle tax will be adjusted to mainly depend on carbon emissions starting in 2021.

Property Taxes

Due to a constitutional ruling, Germany will reevaluate the tax base of all 36 million properties in the country. According to the proposal, the new rules will be revenue-neutral. However, some taxpayers’ property tax liabilities might change.

Conclusion

Policies such as high tax burdens on labor, comparably high business taxation, and an overly complex individual income tax system make Germany’s tax system less competitive and can hinder sustainable economic growth. Abolishing the solidarity surcharge for most income groups will partially alleviate the tax burden on employees. Similar reforms, particularly in the area of business taxation, would be essential to improve Germany’s international tax competitiveness.

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