Wireless Taxes and Fees Climb Again in 2018

Key Findings

• A typical American household with four wireless phones paying $100 per month for taxable wireless service can expect to pay about $229 per year in wireless taxes, fees, and surcharges—up from $221 in 2017.

• Nationally, these impositions make up about 19.1 percent of the average customer’s bill—the highest rate ever. Illinois now has the highest wireless taxes in the country at 27.6%, followed by Alaska at 26.1%, Washington at 26.1%, Nebraska at 25.5%, and New York at 25.2%.

• Since 2008, average monthly wireless service bills per subscriber have dropped from just under $50 per-line per month to $38.66 per month—a 23 percent reduction. However, wireless taxes have increased from 15.1 percent to 19.1 percent of the average bill—a 27 percent increase.

• Most states impose higher taxes, fees, and surcharges on wireless service than on other taxable goods and services. In Alaska, which has no state sales tax but allows local sales taxes, wireless taxes are nearly eight times higher than local sales taxes. Other states with significantly higher wireless taxes include Nebraska (2.6 times higher), Pennsylvania (2.3 times higher), Maryland (2.3 times higher) and Illinois (2.2 times higher).

• At the end of 2017, over 68 percent of poor adults had only wireless for their phone service, and 53 percent of all adults were wireless only. Excessive taxes and fees, especially the very high per line charges like those imposed in Chicago and Baltimore, impose a disproportionate burden on low-income consumers. In Chicago, taxes on a family with four lines of taxable wireless service paying $100 per month are nearly $500 per year—over 40 percent of the bill.

Executive Summary

Taxes, fees, and governmental surcharges on wireless consumers increased in 2018, jumping from 18.5 percent to 19.1 percent of the customer’s bill. An American household with four wireless phones paying $100 per month for wireless voice service can expect to pay about $229 per year in wireless taxes, fees, and surcharges—up from $221 in 2017.

State and local wireless taxes increased from 12.1% to 12.5%, the fifth consecutive increase. The Federal Universal Service Fund surcharge (FUSF) increased from 6.3 percent to 6.6 percent of the typical wireless bill.

Fortunately for wireless consumers, intense price competition produced a large reduction in the average monthly per-line cost of wireless service. Average revenue per subscriber fell dramatically for the second year in a row, from $41.50 per month in 2017 to $38.66 per month in 2018. Unfortunately, consumers were not able to fully enjoy this price reduction because taxes, fees, and surcharges continue to remain stubbornly high.

Wireless consumers will pay an estimated $16.1 billion in taxes, fees, and government surcharges to federal, state, and local governments in 2018 based on the taxA tax is a mandatory payment or charge collected by local, state, and national governments from individuals or businesses to cover the costs of general government services, goods, and activities. rates calculated in this report. These taxes, fees, and surcharges break down as follows:

• $6.1 billion in sales taxes and other nondiscriminatory consumption taxes
• $4.9 billion in federal Universal Service Fund surcharges
• $2.8 billion in 911 fees, a category that includes hundreds of millions of dollars that are not actually used for 911 purposes.
• $2.2 billion in other industry-specific state and local taxes and fees.

Consumers in Illinois, Alaska, Washington, and Nebraska pay the highest wireless taxes in the country, while wireless users in Oregon, Idaho, and Nevada pay the lowest wireless taxes.

Wireless service is increasingly the sole means of communications and connectivity for many Americans, particularly young people and those with lower incomes. At the end of 2017, according to the Centers for Disease Control, about 68 percent of all poor adults lived in wireless-only households and 53 percent of all adults of all incomes lived in wireless-only households.[1] These excessive taxes and fees–especially those that impose high per-line taxes and fees–impose a disproportionate tax burden on those least able to afford them.

Wireless Taxes and Fees Increase in 2018

This is the ninth in a series of reports that examines trends in taxes, fees, and government surcharges imposed on wireless service by federal, state, and local governments since 2003. The methodology for the report, which was originally developed by the Committee on State Taxation in a 1999 report, is detailed in Appendix A.

Table 1 shows national trends in tax rates imposed by all levels of government on taxable wireless service between 2003 and 2018. Between 2005 and 2006, wireless taxes dropped after the federal courts forced the IRS to end the imposition of the 3% federal excise tax on wireless service. After that court decision, wireless tax rates dropped to a low of 14.1%. Since then, however, wireless tax rates have climbed steadily to their current rate of 19.1%.

Table 1. US Average Wireless and General Sales & Use Tax Rates

Note: Federal includes 3% federal excise tax (until 5/2006) and federal universal service fund charge, which is set by the FCC and varies quarterly: Federal USF 7/1/2018 — 37.1% Interstate safe harbor x 17.9% contribution factor = 6.34% effective tax rate http://www.usac.org/cont/tools/contribution-factors.aspx Source: Methodology derived from Committee on State Taxation, “50-State Study and Report on Telecommunications Taxation,” May 2005. Updated July 2018 from state statutes, FCC data, and local ordinances by Scott Mackey, Leonine Public Affairs LLP, Montpelier, VT.
	Weighted Average
	Wireless: State & Local tax & fee	Wireless: Federal tax & fee	Wireless: Federal/State/Local tax & fee	General Sales/Use Tax	Disparity — Wireless Tax Over General Sales Tax
1/1/2003	10.20%	5.07%	15.27%	6.87%	3.33%
4/1/2004	10.74%	5.48%	16.22%	6.93%	3.81%
7/1/2005	10.94%	5.91%	16.85%	6.94%	4.00%
7/1/2006	11.14%	2.99%	14.13%	7.04%	4.10%
7/1/2007	11.00%	4.19%	15.19%	7.07%	3.93%
7/1/2008	10.86%	4.23%	15.09%	7.11%	3.75%
7/1/2009	10.74%	4.79%	15.53%	7.26%	3.48%
7/1/2010	11.21%	5.05%	16.26%	7.42%	3.79%
7/1/2012	11.36%	5.82%	17.18%	7.33%	4.03%
7/1/2014	11.23%	5.82%	17.05%	7.51%	3.72%
7/1/2015	11.50%	6.46%	17.96%	7.57%	3.93%
7/1/2016	11.93%	6.64%	18.57%	7.61%	4.32%
7/1/2017	12.11%	6.34%	18.46%	7.65%	4.46%
7/1/2018	12.46%	6.64%	19.10%	7.65%	4.81%

Table 1 also separates the impact of federal taxes and surcharges from state and local government taxes, fees, and surcharges. Throughout the period, state and local taxes have been trending upward steadily, from 10.2% in 2003 to their current level of 12.5% in 2018. The FUSF surcharge has also increased throughout the period. For a detailed explanation of the FUSF and how it is imposed, see Appendix B.

Table 1 also shows the general trends in average tax rates of the sales and use tax, which is the primary broad-based consumption tax imposed by 45 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Since 2003, the average state-local sales taxA sales tax is levied on retail sales of goods and services and, ideally, should apply to all final consumption with few exemptions. Many governments exempt goods like groceries; base broadening, such as including groceries, could keep rates lower. A sales tax should exempt business-to-business transactions which, when taxed, cause tax pyramiding. rate has increased by about 0.8 percentage points—from 6.87% to 7.65%. During that same period, wireless taxes increased by 2.3 percentage points—from 10.2% to 12.5%. Average wireless tax rates increased nearly three times faster than average sales tax rates.

Wireless industry competition has led to significant reductions in average monthly bills since 2008, a trend that accelerated dramatically in 2017 and 2018, when average bills dropped from $44.65 per month in 2016 to $38.66 per month in 2018. Since 2008, average wireless monthly bills have dropped from just under $50 per month to $38.66 per month–a 23 percent reduction–while wireless taxes have increased from 15.1% to 19.1%—a 27 percent increase. Unfortunately, consumers have not enjoyed the full benefits of wireless price competition because taxes, fees, and government surcharges continue to increase.

Figure 1.

Table 2 shows wireless tax, fee, and government surcharge rates as of July 2018. Column 1 shows the average combined state-local tax rate in the largest city and the capital city in each state, while column 2 shows the effective rate of the FUSF surcharge. In 2018, due to a large increase in 911 fees in Chicago and statewide, Illinois surpassed Washington state with the highest wireless tax rates in the country at 27.55%, followed by Alaska at 26.13%. Alaska’s state universal service fund surcharge has increased dramatically in the last few years, vaulting Alaska into its position as the second highest wireless tax state. Just two years ago, Alaska was not even in the top 10.

Table 2. Taxes, Fees, and Government Charges on Wireless Service, July 2018

Source: Methodology from COST, “50-State Study and Report on Telecommunications Taxation,” May 2005. Updated July 2018 using state statutes, FCC data, and local ordinances.
		2018 Wireless State-Local Rate	2018 Federal USF Rate	2018 Combined Federal/State/Local Rate
1	Illinois	20.91%	6.64%	27.55%
2	Alaska	19.49%	6.64%	26.13%
3	Washington	19.41%	6.64%	26.05%
4	Nebraska	18.84%	6.64%	25.48%
5	New York	18.56%	6.64%	25.20%
6	Pennsylvania	16.27%	6.64%	22.91%
7	Rhode Island	15.26%	6.64%	21.90%
8	Arkansas	15.22%	6.64%	21.86%
9	Florida	14.83%	6.64%	21.47%
10	Missouri	14.79%	6.64%	21.43%
11	Utah	14.70%	6.64%	21.34%
12	Kansas	14.59%	6.64%	21.23%
13	South Dakota	14.22%	6.64%	20.86%
14	North Dakota	14.13%	6.64%	20.77%
15	Maryland	13.89%	6.64%	20.53%
16	Puerto Rico	13.67%	6.64%	20.31%
17	New Mexico	13.49%	6.64%	20.13%
18	California	13.23%	6.64%	19.87%
19	Arizona	12.57%	6.64%	19.21%
20	South Carolina	12.56%	6.64%	19.20%
21	Tennessee	12.50%	6.64%	19.14%
22	Colorado	12.34%	6.64%	18.98%
23	District of Columbia	11.97%	6.64%	18.61%
24	Indiana	11.79%	6.64%	18.43%
25	Texas	11.77%	6.64%	18.41%
26	Georgia	11.53%	6.64%	18.17%
27	Oklahoma	11.27%	6.64%	17.91%
28	Kentucky	10.92%	6.64%	17.56%
29	Minnesota	10.54%	6.64%	17.18%
30	Alabama	10.53%	6.64%	17.17%
31	Louisiana	10.50%	6.64%	17.14%
32	Mississippi	9.59%	6.64%	16.23%
33	Iowa	9.16%	6.64%	15.80%
34	Wisconsin	8.99%	6.64%	15.63%
35	New Jersey	8.95%	6.64%	15.59%
36	New Hampshire	8.94%	6.64%	15.58%
37	Maine	8.93%	6.64%	15.57%
38	North Carolina	8.89%	6.64%	15.53%
39	Massachusetts	8.84%	6.64%	15.48%
40	Wyoming	8.74%	6.64%	15.38%
41	West Virginia	8.64%	6.64%	15.28%
42	Ohio	8.55%	6.64%	15.19%
43	Vermont	8.50%	6.64%	15.14%
44	Michigan	8.35%	6.64%	14.99%
45	Connecticut	7.82%	6.64%	14.46%
46	Hawaii	7.75%	6.64%	14.39%
47	Virginia	6.94%	6.64%	13.58%
48	Montana	6.60%	6.64%	13.24%
49	Delaware	6.55%	6.64%	13.19%
50	Nevada	3.27%	6.64%	9.91%
51	Idaho	2.59%	6.64%	9.23%
52	Oregon	2.10%	6.64%	8.74%
	Weighted Avg.	12.46%	6.64%	19.10%
	Simple Avg.	11.44%	6.64%	18.08%

Figure 2 maps the states by average state-local rates, without including the FUSF imposition. Other than the cluster of low-tax states in the western United States, there does not appear to be any strong regional patterns to the distribution of high-tax and low-tax states. The New England states tend to have lower wireless tax rates, while the high-tax states are scattered throughout the country.

Figure 2.

One of the longstanding arguments for reform of wireless taxation is the disparity in tax burdens on wireless as compared to broad-based consumption taxes imposed on other goods and taxable services subject to sales and use taxes. Wireless and other telecommunications are one of the few services that are consistently subject to sales and use taxes by states with both narrow and broad sales tax bases. Furthermore, states like Delaware, Montana, and New Hampshire that do not impose a sales tax have specific taxes on wireless and other communications services.

Table 3 ranks the states by comparing the disparity between the tax rates imposed on wireless service to the combined state and local sales tax rate in each state. Alaska leads all states in this regard, imposing wireless taxes that are nearly eight times higher than average sales tax rates—19.5% vs 2.5%. Other states with large disparities include Nebraska, Illinois, New York, Washington, and Pennsylvania. New Hampshire, Delaware, and Montana–all states that do not have general sales taxes but impose taxes on wireless service–rank relatively high on the disparity index even though their overall wireless tax rates are relatively low by national standards. Table 3 also shows that two states–Idaho and Nevada–impose lower taxes on wireless service than on other goods and services subject to the sales tax.

Total Taxes Paid

Wireless consumers pay about $9.9 billion in taxes and fees that are specifically levied on telecommunications services but not on other taxable goods and services. This total includes approximately $4.9 billion in FUSF charges, $2.8 billion in 911 fees, and another $2.2 billion in other discriminatory state and local taxes, fees, and government surcharges. The remaining $6.1 billion in taxes on wireless service are nondiscriminatory sales and use taxes that are imposed on other taxable goods and services.[2]

Appendix C provides a detailed breakdown of the specific taxes, fees, and government surcharges imposed in each state, including the respective rates of each. To facilitate interstate comparisons, local rates imposed in the most populated city and the capital city in each state are averaged into a single rate. In the case of taxes and fees that are imposed on a flat per-line basis–for example, $1.00 per month per line–the tax is converted from a flat amount to a percentage by dividing the flat amount by the industry average revenue per line of $38.66 per month. For a detailed description of the methodology, please see Appendix A.

Trends in Wireless Taxes and Fees

911 Fees

Most states impose 911 fees to fund capital expenses associated with the 911 system, and in some states fees fund operations as well. Wireless 911 fees vary greatly by state, from a low of zero in Missouri[3] to a high of $3.34 per line in West Virginia. Most wireless 911 fees are levied at uniform rates statewide, although there are a few exceptions. In 2018, the state of Illinois increased the 911 fee from 87 cents per line per month to $1.50 per line per month except in the city of Chicago, where the fee was increased from $3.90 per line to $5.00 per line per month.

Table 3. Disparity Between Wireless Tax & Fee Rate and General Sales Tax Rate, July 2018

Source: Methodology from COST, “50-State Study and Report on Telecommunications Taxation,” May 2005. Updated July 2018 using state statutes, FCC data, and local ordinances.
	State-Local Sales Tax Rate	State-Local Wireless Tax Rate	Wireless Over/Under Sales Tax Rate	Disparity Multiple
Alaska	2.50%	19.49%	16.99%	7.80
Nebraska	7.13%	18.84%	11.71%	2.64
Illinois	9.38%	20.91%	11.53%	2.23
New York	8.44%	18.56%	10.12%	2.20
Washington	9.45%	19.41%	9.96%	2.05
Pennsylvania	7.00%	16.27%	9.27%	2.32
New Hampshire	0.00%	8.94%	8.94%	NA
Rhode Island	7.00%	15.26%	8.26%	2.18
Maryland	6.00%	13.89%	7.89%	2.31
Utah	6.85%	14.70%	7.85%	2.15
South Dakota	6.50%	14.22%	7.72%	2.19
Florida	7.13%	14.83%	7.71%	2.08
North Dakota	7.00%	14.13%	7.13%	2.02
Montana	0.00%	6.60%	6.60%	NA
Delaware	0.00%	6.55%	6.55%	NA
Missouri	8.29%	14.79%	6.50%	1.78
Kansas	8.33%	14.59%	6.26%	1.75
District of Columbia	5.75%	11.97%	6.22%	2.08
Arkansas	9.38%	15.22%	5.85%	1.62
New Mexico	7.91%	13.49%	5.58%	1.71
Kentucky	6.00%	10.92%	4.92%	1.82
Indiana	7.00%	11.79%	4.79%	1.68
California	8.75%	13.23%	4.48%	1.51
Colorado	7.95%	12.34%	4.39%	1.55
South Carolina	8.50%	12.56%	4.06%	1.48
Arizona	8.60%	12.57%	3.97%	1.46
Hawaii	4.00%	7.75%	3.75%	1.94
Wyoming	5.00%	8.74%	3.74%	1.75
Texas	8.25%	11.77%	3.52%	1.43
Wisconsin	5.55%	8.99%	3.44%	1.62
Maine	5.50%	8.93%	3.43%	1.62
Tennessee	9.25%	12.50%	3.25%	1.35
Georgia	8.45%	11.53%	3.08%	1.36
Minnesota	7.70%	10.54%	2.84%	1.37
Oklahoma	8.45%	11.27%	2.82%	1.33
Iowa	6.50%	9.16%	2.66%	1.41
Massachusetts	6.25%	8.84%	2.59%	1.41
Michigan	6.00%	8.35%	2.35%	1.39
Puerto Rico	11.50%	13.67%	2.17%	1.19
Oregon	0.00%	2.10%	2.10%	NA
Mississippi	7.50%	9.59%	2.09%	1.28
New Jersey	6.88%	8.95%	2.08%	1.30
Vermont	6.50%	8.50%	2.00%	1.31
West Virginia	7.00%	8.64%	1.64%	1.23
North Carolina	7.25%	8.89%	1.64%	1.23
Connecticut	6.35%	7.82%	1.47%	1.23
Virginia	5.65%	6.94%	1.29%	1.23
Louisiana	9.45%	10.50%	1.05%	1.11
Ohio	7.75%	8.55%	0.80%	1.10
Alabama	10.00%	10.53%	0.53%	1.05
Idaho	6.00%	2.59%	-3.41%	0.43
Nevada	8.26%	3.27%	-4.99%	0.40
US Weighted Average	7.65%	12.46%	4.81%	1.63

Other states where 911 fees increased in 2018 include Alaska, Michigan, Nevada, North Carolina, and Utah. Connecticut was the only state to reduce the 911 fee. Missouri enacted legislation in 2018 that permits local jurisdictions to impose a wireless 911 fee of up to $1.00 per month per line, if approved by the voters. Prior to passage of this legislation, Missouri was one of only two states in the country that did not impose state or local 911 fees on wireless service.

Unfortunately, according to the FCC, some states and localities routinely divert 911 fees for other purposes.[4] For example, the city of Chicago used the authority granted by the legislature to increase its 911 fee from $3.90 per line to $5.00 per line, effective January 1, 2018. Media reports suggested that the 911 fee increase was intended to cover a shortfall in city pension obligations.[5] Other states that routinely divert 911 fees paid by wireless consumers to other purposes include New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Rhode Island, and West Virginia.

State Universal Service Funds

Some states have their own universal service funds (USF) that provide subsidies for many of the same purposes as the FUSF. State USF surcharges are imposed on intrastate revenues, while the FUSF is imposed on interstate revenues. In states like Alaska, Arkansas, California, Kansas, and Nebraska, high state USF surcharge rates add significantly to the overall burden on wireless consumers. For example, the USF rate in Alaska is 19.0 percent of all intrastate charges. In just two years, significant increases in the state USF rate propelled Alaska upward in the overall wireless tax rankings from 14^th highest in 2015 to second highest in 2018. Appendix B lists the rates in all the 20 states with USF charges.

In 2018, state USF rates increased in Alaska, California, Indiana, Kansas, New Mexico, South Carolina, and Wyoming. Kentucky, Oklahoma, and Wisconsin lowered the rates of their state USF surcharges. Utah shifted its USF imposition from a percentage of intrastate revenue to a fixed amount per line, which on balance slightly reduced the effective rate of the USF on single-line plans.

State-Level Wireless Taxes

In addition to 911 fees and state USF charges, 14 states impose taxes on wireless service that are either in addition to state sales taxes or in lieu of sales taxes but imposed at a higher rate than the state sales tax. Table 4 below lists these states. No states increased or decreased these discriminatory state wireless taxes in 2018.

Table 4. State Wireless Taxes by Type

State Gross Receipts Tax in Addition to Sales Tax	Higher State Tax Rate in Lieu of Sales Tax	Wireless Tax but No State Sales Tax
Indiana	District of Columbia	Delaware
Kentucky	Florida	Montana
New York	Illinois	New Hampshire
North Dakota	Maine
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Dakota

Local Wireless Taxes

Many local governments also impose discriminatory taxes on wireless consumers. Many of these are legacy taxes that were established during the regulated telephone monopoly era that existed prior until the late 1980s. Local governments in some states have longstanding authority to impose “right-of-way” fees on telephone companies for placing poles, wires, and other landline infrastructure on public property. In other states, localities have the authority to impose franchise fees on telephone companies in exchange for an exclusive franchise agreement to provide service within the municipality.

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, when wireless service began to displace landline service, localities became concerned about losing revenues and sought to extend these legacy fees to wireless providers even though wireless providers did not receive the same benefits for which the fees were established. For example, a wireless provider does not receive the ability to access the public right-of-way to place equipment. Instead, wireless providers negotiate a rental agreement for the use of public property similar to agreements negotiated with private property owners. In addition, wireless providers must pay billions to purchase spectrum from the federal government through auctions held by the FCC.

Local governments in 12 states currently impose some type of tax or fee on wireless service over and above any broad-based local sales tax. In most of these states, the local wireless tax is in addition to state taxes. California is the exception—wireless service is not subject to sales taxes but is subject to local Utility User Taxes at rates as high as 11%. Table 5 provides a breakdown of the types of local wireless taxes.

Table 5. Local Wireless Taxes by Type

Privilege, License or User Taxes	State-Authorized Telecom Taxes	School District and Other Special District Taxes
Arizona	Florida	Kentucky
California	Illinois	New York
Maryland	Maryland
Missouri	New York
Nebraska	Utah
Nevada
South Carolina
Washington

Local government taxes have a significant impact on the overall tax burden on wireless consumers in many of the states that rank high in the overall wireless tax and fee burden. In most of the top 10 states shown on Table 2 with the highest wireless taxes, local taxes play a prominent role. Nebraska allows local business license taxes with rates as high as 6.25%. Washington allows municipal governments to impose “utility franchise taxes” with rates as high as 9%. New York allows New York City, other selected cities, school districts, and certain transit districts to levy various wireless taxes in addition to county 911 fees. Finally, Florida and Illinois have special state communications taxes with a local add-on that result in rates typically two times higher than the general sales tax rates.

Table 6 illustrates the impact of taxes and fees on consumers in selected large cities around the country. Wireless service is increasingly becoming the sole means of communication and connectivity for many Americans, particularly those struggling to overcome poverty. At the end of 2017, over 68 percent of all poor adults had only wireless service, and 53 percent of all adults were wireless only.^[6] Excessive local taxes and fees, especially the very high per-line charges like those imposed in Chicago and Baltimore, impose a disproportionate burden on low-income consumers. In Chicago, taxes on a family with four lines of taxable wireless service paying $100 per month are nearly $500 per year—over 40 percent of the bill.

Table 6. Federal, State, and Local Wireless Taxes and Fees on Multi-Line Plans in Selected Cities, July 2018

City	Tax on 4-line voice plan at $100 per month	Effective Tax Rate
Chicago, IL	$40.64	40.64%
Baltimore, MD	$29.84	29.84%
New York, NY	$27.11	27.11%
Seattle, WA	$26.54	26.54%
Philadelphia, PA	$26.24	26.24%
Omaha, NE	$26.14	26.14%
Providence, RI	$23.68	23.68%
Tallahassee, FL	$22.58	22.58%
Kansas City, MO	$21.49	21.49%
Los Angeles, CA	$20.87	20.87%
City	Tax on Single Line Voice Plan Costing $38.66 per month	Effective Tax Rate
Chicago, IL	$12.98	33.57%
Baltimore, MD	$9.94	25.70%
Omaha, NE	$9.85	25.48%
Seattle, WA	$9.74	25.20%
New York, NY	$9.66	24.99%
Philadelphia, PA	$9.24	23.91%
Tallahassee, FL	$8.51	22.01%
Providence, RI	$8.47	21.90%
Kansas City, MO	$8.31	21.49%
Los Angeles, CA	$8.07	20.87%

The Impact of Excessive Wireless Taxes

The popularity of wireless service, and the explosive growth in the number of wireless subscribers, have led some to question whether wireless taxes matter to wireless consumers and the wireless industry. However, there are two compelling reasons why policymakers should be cautious about expanding wireless taxes, fees, and surcharges. First, as discussed above, wireless taxes and fees are regressive and have a disproportionate impact on poorer citizens. Excessive taxes and fees may reduce low-income consumer access to wireless service at a time when such access is critical to economic success. Second, discriminatory taxes may slow investment in wireless infrastructure. Ample evidence exists that investments in wireless networks provide economic benefits to the broader economy because so many sectors–transportation, health care, energy, education, even government–use wireless networks to boost productivity and efficiency.

Network investment is important not only to consumers and businesses that use these networks, but to the entire American economy. A report by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) in Paris surveyed the evidence not only from the United States and Europe but from the developing world as well.^[7] Economists that have examined the link between investments in communications and information technology infrastructure and economic growth have consistently found a strong link. Simply put, wireless infrastructure investment enables an entire entrepreneurial culture to focus on creating applications and devices to make businesses more productive and to improve the lives of consumers. These tools in turn make businesses more productive and profitable so that they can create new jobs that generate economic activity and tax revenues for governments.

While most infrastructure investments create these types of multiplier effects, the multiplier effects for telecommunications infrastructure are higher than other industries because communications and information technology are so deeply embedded in business processes. These infrastructure investments also benefit the government and nonprofit sectors in ways that do not necessarily show up directly in economic statistics but nonetheless make these sectors more efficient and enable them to lower the cost of providing government services.

As noted in the ICC report, “Remedying the discriminatory tax treatment of telecom goods and services may reduce tax receipts in the short-term, but the longer-term increase in the use of advanced capability devices, service demand, and network deployment resulting from these tax reductions is likely to counteract this loss of revenue over time.”^[8] Policymakers need to weigh the trade-offs between the short-term revenue benefits of excessive wireless taxes versus the long-term economic impact on the state from reduced infrastructure investment.

Conclusion

Wireless consumers continue to be burdened with higher taxes, fees, and surcharges in many states and localities across the United States. With state and local governments continuing to face revenue challenges, the wireless industry and its customers continue to be an attractive target for raising new revenues. Excessive taxes on wireless consumers disproportionately impacts poorer families and may have ramifications for long-term state economic development and growth. Higher taxes on wireless service, coupled with increased taxes on wireless investments, may lead to slower deployment of wireless network infrastructure, including fourth and fifth generation (“4G” and “5G”) wireless broadband technologies—a key element to the future success of Smart Cities.

States should study their existing communications tax structure and consider policies that transition their tax systems away from narrowly-based wireless taxes and toward broad-based tax sources that do not distort consumer purchasing decisions and do not slow investment in critical infrastructure like wireless broadband. Florida took a step in the right direction by reducing the Communications Services Tax in 2015, but wireless tax rates there are still well above the sales tax. Reform of communications taxes in states with excessive tax rates would position those states to attract additional wireless infrastructure investments that generate economic growth through the new jobs and revenue growth they produce while helping provide relief to low-income wireless users.

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Appendix A: Methodology

The methodology used in this report to calculate wireless taxes compares the applicable federal, state, and local tax rates on wireless voice service in the capital city and the most populated city in each state. This methodology was developed by the Committee on State Taxation (COST) in its landmark “50-State Study and Report on Telecommunications Taxation,” first published in 2000.

The use of a consistent methodology allows for accurate time-series comparisons across states and over time. However, changes in consumer demand for wireless services pose challenges when measuring the impact of wireless taxes on consumer bills. In particular, two trends in the industry are significantly impacting the amount of taxes that wireless consumers pay on their monthly bills.

First, a growing share of wireless consumer purchases is for internet access. Recent data from the U.S. Census Bureau surveys suggests that about 46 percent of total wireless service revenues are from the sale of internet access.[9] This percentage has been growing by roughly five percentage points per year since 2013, and this trend may accelerate because wireless consumers are demanding a growing number of internet-only devices.

Under federal law, all but a handful of states are currently precluded from imposing taxes on internet access and all states will be prohibited from taxing internet access after 2019. This suggests that of the “typical” consumer’s monthly expenditure of $38.66 per month, approximately $17.40 is for nontaxable internet access and $21.26 is for taxable wireless service. A consumer applying the effective tax rates in this report to their total bill will find that the effective tax rate overstates their actual tax paid if their calling plan includes both taxable voice service and exempt internet access.

Second, the report’s methodology understates the tax rate impact of flat rate taxes and fees—those that are imposed a set dollar amount per line. Under the report’s methodology, a $1.00 per month per-line tax is converted to a percentage amount by dividing $1.00 by the $38.66 average monthly bill, resulting in a tax rate of 2.59% in this example. However, these flat rate taxes and fees are only permitted to be imposed on the portion of the wireless bill that is not internet access. In this same example, if the $1.00 per month were divided by the taxable portion of the bill ($21.26), the tax rate would be 4.7%.

Notwithstanding these methodological challenges, the author has determined that the benefits of retaining the current methodology–consistent measurement of trends in tax rates over time–outweigh the benefits of changing the methodology to adjust to recent trends. This is particularly true since the Census Bureau has only been tracking the percentage of wireless expenditures on internet access since 2012, so it would not be possible to go back and retroactively adjust data prior to then.

Appendix B: What are Universal Service Funds?

The Federal Universal Service Fund (FUSF) is administered by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) under open-ended authority from Congress. The program subsidizes telecommunications services for schools, libraries, hospitals, low-income people, and rural telephone companies operating in high-cost areas. The FCC has authority to set spending for these programs outside of the normal congressional appropriations process. After deciding what to spend on the various programs, the FCC sets the quarterly “contribution factor” or surcharge rate that telecommunications providers must remit to the USF to generate sufficient revenues to fund the expenditure commitments. Providers are permitted to surcharge these “contributions” on the phone bills.

FUSF surcharges apply only to interstate telecommunications services. They currently do not apply to internet access service, information services, and intrastate telecommunications services.

Wireless carriers generally sell plans that include either unlimited voice minutes or a fixed number of voice minutes for a set amount. Since these plans include both interstate calls (subject to the FUSF) and intrastate calls (not subject to FUSF), the FCC allows providers to allocate the fixed monthly plans to interstate and intrastate calls by one of two methods. Carriers may use traffic studies to show the actual split between interstate and interstate calls for all of its subscribers and apply the FUSF to the aggregated interstate portion of subscriber calls.

Alternatively, carriers may use a single uniform national “safe harbor” percentage to its fixed monthly plans. The FCC currently sets this safe harbor at 37.1 percent of the fixed monthly charge. For example, when determining the FUSF, a customer with a $50 monthly wireless voice calling plan is deemed to include $18.55 in interstate calls and $31.45 in intrastate calls. If a carrier elects to use the safe harbor, the FUSF rate would be applied to $18.55 of the bill each month.

The FUSF rate is set by the FCC each quarter. For the period beginning July 1, 2018, the rate is 17.9%. Thus, the FUSF rate applied on assessable wireless revenues using the FCC safe harbor amount is 6.64% (17.9% times 37.1%*).[10] Figure B1 below highlights the significant growth in the FCC contribution rate since 2003.

*Erratum: A previous version of this sentence incorrectly stated the FCC safe harbor as 62.9 percent.

Figure B1.

Despite the growing burden on wireless consumers, Congress has shown little interest in restricting or otherwise limiting the growth of the programs funded through the FSUF.

States also have the authority to supplement the programs funded through the FUSF with their own programs funded through state universal services funds. The state programs are funded by surcharges applied to the intrastate portion of telephone charges. In this report, the inverse of the FUSF safe harbor is used to calculate the rates of the state USF in all states except Vermont, which imposes its state USF on both interstate and intrastate charges. As in the previous example, if a consumer has a $50 monthly wireless voice plan, 62.9 percent of that charge ($31.45) is deemed to be an intrastate service subject to the state USF charge and $18.55 is an interstate service not subject to state USF charges.

Like the FUSF, state universal service fund charges do not apply to internet access. State USF charges are key factors in the high wireless tax burden in states like Alaska, Arkansas, California, Kansas, and Nebraska.

Appendix C

State and Local Transaction Taxes, Fees, and Government Charges on Wireless Service — July 1, 2018

Sources: Committee on State Taxation, 50-State Study and Report on Telecommunications Taxation, May 2005. Updated July 2017 by Scott Mackey, Leonine Public Affairs LLP, using state statutes and regulations. Average Revenue Per Unit (ARPU): $41.50 per Cellular Telephone and Internet Association, July 2018.
*Erratum: A previous version of this table incorrectly stated the FCC safe harbor as 62.9 percent.
State	Type of Tax	Rate	Comments
Alabama
	AL Cell Service Tax	6.00%	Access, interstate and intrastate
	E911	4.53%	$1.75 per month
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	10.53%
Alaska
	Local Sales Tax	2.50%	Avg. of Juneau (5%) & Anchorage (0%)
	Local E911	5.04%	Anchorage – $2.00; Juneau – $1.90
	State USF	11.95%	19.0% times FCC safe harbor
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	19.49%
Arizona
	State sales (transaction priv.)	5.60%	intrastate telecommunications service
	County sales (transaction priv.)	0.60%	Phoenix (Maricopa) = 0.7%; Tucson (Pima) = 0.5%
	City telecommunications	5.85%	Avg. Phoenix (4.7%) & Tucson (7.0%)
	911	0.52%	$.20 per month
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	12.57%
Arkansas
	State sales tax	6.50%
	Local sales taxes	2.88%	Avg. Little Rock (2.5%) & Fayetteville (3.25%)
	State High Cost Fund	4.09%	6.5% times FCC safe harbor
	Wireless 911	1.68%	$.65 / month statewide.
	TRS service & TRS equipment	0.08%	$.03 per line per month
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	15.22%
California
	Local Utility User Tax	8.00%	Avg. of LA (9%) and Sacramento (7%)
	State 911	0.47%	0.75% times FCC safe harbor
	PUC fee	0.21%	0.33% times FCC safe harbor
	ULTS (lifeline)	2.99%	4.75% times FCC safe harbor
	Deaf/CRS	0.31%	0.5% times FCC safe harbor
	High Cost Funds A & B	0.22%	0.35% times FCC safe harbor
	Teleconnect Fund	0.68%	1.08% times FCC safe harbor
	CASF – advanced services fund	0.35%	0.56% times FCC safe harbor
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	13.23%
Colorado
	State Sales Tax	2.90%	access and intrastate
	Local Sales Tax — City/County	5.05%	Avg. of Denver (4.75%) & Colorado Springs (5.35%)
	911	2.65%	Denver ($.70) / Colorado Springs ($1.35)
	USF	1.64%	2.6% times FCC safe harbor
	TDD Tax	0.10%	4 cents per month
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	12.34%
Connecticut
	State sales tax	6.35%	Access, interstate and intrastate
	911	1.47%	$.57 per line
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	7.82%
Delaware
	Public Utility Gross Receipts Tax	5.00%	Access and intrastate
	Local 911 tax	1.55%	$.60 / month
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	6.55%
District of Columbia
	Telecommunication Privilege Tax	10.00%	Monthly gross charge;
	911	1.97%	$0.76 per month
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	11.97%
Florida
	State Communications services	7.44%	Access, interstate and intrastate
	Local Communications services	6.36%	Jacksonville 5.82%; Tallahassee 6.9%
	911	1.03%	$.40/month statewide
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	14.83%
Georgia
	State sales tax	3.62%	4% of “access charge” — assume $35
	Local sales tax	4.03%	Avg. rate Atlanta (4.9%) & Augusta (4%)
	Local 911	3.88%	Atlanta — $1.50/line; Augusta — $1.50/line
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	11.53%
Hawaii
	Public service company tax	4.00%
	Additional county tax	1.89%
	PUC Fee	0.16%	0.25% of intrastate charges
	Wireless 911 fee	1.71%	$.66 per month
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	7.75%
Idaho
	Telephone service assistance program	0.00%	Set annually by PUC — currently zero
	Statewide wireless 911	2.59%	Boise = $1.00 per month
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	2.59%
Illinois
	State telecom excise tax	7.00%	Access, interstate and intrastate
	Simplified municipal tax	5.50%	Avg. of Chicago (7%) & Springfield (4%)
	Wireless 911	8.41%	Chicago $5/mo.; others $1.50/mo
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	20.91%
Indiana
	State sales tax	7.00%	Access and intrastate
	Utility receipts tax	1.40%	Same base as sales tax
	Wireless 911	2.59%	$1.00 per month
	State USF	0.69%	1.09% times FCC safe harbor
	PUC fee	0.12%	Statutory max 0.15%
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	11.79%
Iowa
	State sales tax	6.00%
	Local option sales taxes	0.50%	Avg. of Cedar Rapids (1%) & Des Moines (0%)
	Wireless 911	2.59%	$1.00 per month
	Dual Party Relay Service fee	0.08%	$0.03 per month
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	9.16%
Kansas
	State sales tax	6.50%	Intrastate & interstate
	Local option sales taxes	1.83%	Avg. of Wichita (1.0%) & Topeka (2.65%)
	USF	4.72%	7.50% x FCC safe harbor
	Wireless 911	1.55%	$.60 per month per line
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	14.59%
Kentucky
	State sales tax	6.00%	Access, interstate and intrastate
	School utility gross receipts	1.50%	Avg Frankfort (3%) and Lousiville (0%)
	Kentucky USF	0.23%	$.09 per month
	Kentucky TAP & TRS	0.08%	TAP: $0.02 and TRS: $0.01
	Wireless 911	1.81%	$.70 / month
	Communications gross receipts tax	1.30%	Access, interstate and intrastate
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	10.92%
Louisiana
	State sales tax	4.45%	Intrastate rate
	Wireless 911	2.72%	New Orleans $1.25/mo.; Baton Rouge $.85/mo.
	State USF	3.34%	May vary by carrier
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	10.50%
Maine
	State service provider tax	6.00%	Intrastate
	911 fee	1.16%	$.45 per month
	Maine USF	1.32%	2.1% times FCC safe harbor
	MTEAF	0.44%	0.7% times FCC safe harbor
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	8.93%
Maryland
	State sales tax	6.00%
	Local telecom excise	5.17%	$4.00 per month in Baltimore; no tax in Annapolis
	State 911	0.65%	$.25 per month
	County 911	1.94%	$.75 per month in all counties
	State USF	0.13%	$0.05 per month
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	13.89%
Massachusetts
	State sales tax	6.25%	Interstate and intrastate
	Wireless 911	2.59%	$1.00 per month
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	8.84%
Michigan
	State sales tax	6.00%	Interstate and intrastate
	State wireless 911	0.65%	$.25 per month
	County wireless 911	1.09%	Detroit $.42; Lansing $.42
	Intrastate toll assessment	0.62%	.98% of intrastate charges
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	8.35%
Minnesota
	State sales tax	6.88%	Interstate and intrastate
	Local sales tax	1.08%	Minneapolis (1.15%) and St. Paul (1.0%)
	911	2.46%	$.95 per month
	Telecom access MN fund	0.13%	$0.05 per line per month
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	10.54%
Mississippi
	State sales tax	7.00%	Access, interstate and intrastate
	Wireless 911	2.59%	$1.00 per month per line
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	9.59%
Missouri
	State sales tax	4.23%	Access and intrastate
	Local sales taxes	4.06%	Avg. Jefferson City (3.5%) & Kansas City (4.625%)
	Local business license tax	6.50%	Jefferson City (7%); Kansas City (6% residential)
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	14.79%
Montana
	Telecom excise tax	3.75%	Access, interstate and intrastate
	911 & E911 tax	2.59%	$1.00 per number per month
	TDD tax	0.26%	$.10 per number per month
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	6.60%
Nebraska
	State sales tax	5.50%	Access & intrastate
	Local sales tax	1.63%	Lincoln (1.75%) and Omaha (1.5%)
	City business and occupation tax	6.13%	Avg. of Omaha (6.25%) & Lincoln (6.0%)
	State USF	4.37%	6.95% times FCC safe harbor
	Wireless 911	1.16%	$.45 per month
	TRS	0.05%	$.02 per month
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	18.84%
Nevada
	Local franchise / gross receipts	1.94%	5% of first $15 intrastate revenues
	Local 911 tax	1.10%	Washoe County = $.85 / month; Clark County no tax
	State deaf relay charge	0.16%	$.06 per access line
	Nevada USF	0.07%	0.11% times FCC Safe Harbor
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	3.27%
New Hampshire
	Communication services tax	7.00%	Access, interstate and intrastate
	911 tax	1.94%	$.75 per month
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	8.94%
New Jersey
	State sales tax	6.63%
	Wireless 911	2.33%	$.90 per month
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	8.95%
New Mexico
	State gross receipts (sales) tax	5.13%	5.125% intrastate; 4.25% interstate
	City and county gross receipts tax	3.03%	Avg. Santa Fe (3.3125%) & Albuquerque (2.75%)
	Wireless 911	1.32%	$.51 per month
	TRS surcharge	0.21%	0.33% times FCC safe harbor
	State USF	3.81%	6.06% times FCC safe harbor
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	13.49%
New York
	State sales tax	4.00%	Intrastate and monthly access
	Local sales taxes	4.25%	NYC 4.5%; Albany 4%
	MCTD sales tax	0.19%	NYC 0.375%; Albany 0%
	State excise tax (186e)	2.90%	mobile telecom service — includes interstate
	MCTD excise/surcharge (186c)	0.36%	NYC & surrounding counties – .72%; Albany 0%
	Local utility gross receipts tax	1.49%	NYC — 84% of 2.35%; Albany 1%
	State wireless 911	3.10%	$1.20 per month
	Local wireless 911	0.78%	$.30 per month — NYC & most counties
	School district utility sales tax	1.50%	Albany 3%; NYC no tax
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	18.56%
North Carolina
	State sales tax	7.00%	Statewide combined rate includes local taxes
	Wireless 911	1.68%	$.65 per month
	TRS Charge	0.21%	$.08 per month
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	8.89%
North Dakota
	State sales tax	5.00%	Access and intrastate
	Local sales taxes	2.00%	Avg Fargo (2.5%) & Bismarck (1.5%)
	State gross receipts tax	2.50%	interstate and intrastate
	Statewide Interoperable Radio Network Tax	1.29%	$0.50 per line per month
	Local 911 tax	3.23%	$1.00 Bismarck; $1.50 Fargo
	TRS	0.10%	Up to $.11/mo — currently $.04
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	14.13%
Ohio
	State sales tax	5.75%	Access, interstate and intrastate
	Local sales taxes	2.00%	Columbus (1.75%) and Cleveland (2.25%)
	Regulatory fee	0.15%	Intrastate Gross Revenues
	State/local wireless 911	0.65%	$.25 per month per phone number
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	8.55%
Oklahoma
	State sales tax	4.50%	Access, interstate and intrastate
	Local sales taxes	4.07%	Avg. of OK City (4.125%) & Tulsa (4.017%)
	Local 911	1.94%	$.75 per month in OK City and Tulsa
	USF	0.75%	1.2% times FCC safe harbor
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	11.27%
Oregon
	Local utililty tax	0.00%	No tax on wireless in Portland or Salem
	911 tax	1.94%	$.75 per month
	RSPF Surcharge	0.16%	$0.06 per month
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	2.10%
Pennsylvania
	State sales tax	6.00%	Access, interstate and intrastate
	State gross receipts tax	5.00%	Access, interstate and intrastate
	Local sales tax	1.00%	Philadephia 2%; Harrisburg 0%
	Statewide wireless 911	4.27%	$1.65 per month
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	16.27%
Puerto Rico
	IVU (Sales Tax)	11.50%
	911 fee	1.29%	$.50 per line
	USF	0.87%	1.39% times FCC safe harbor
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	13.67%
Rhode Island
	State sales tax	7.00%	Access, interstate and intrastate
	Gross receipts tax	5.00%	Access, interstate and intrastate
	911 fee	2.59%	$1.00 per month
	Additional wireless 911 fee	0.67%	$.26 per month
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	15.26%
South Carolina
	State sales tax	6.00%	Access, interstate and intrastate
	Local sales tax	2.50%	Avg. of Charleston (3%) and Columbia (2%)
	Municipal license tax	1.00%	Charleston (1.0%) and Columbia (1.0%)
	Dual party relay charge	0.16%	$.06 per line per month
	State USF	1.30%	2.07% times FCC safe harbor
	911 tax	1.60%	$.62 / month
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	12.56%
South Dakota
	State sales tax	4.50%	Access, interstate and intrastate
	State gross receipts tax	4.00%
	local option sales tax	2.00%	Avg. of Pierre (2.0%) and Sioux Falls (2.0%)
	911 excise	3.23%	$1.25 per month
	TRS fee	0.39%	$.15 per month by statute
	PUC fee	0.09%	.15% of intrastate receipts
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	14.22%
Tennessee
	State sales tax	7.00%	Access, interstate and intrastate
	Local sales tax	2.50%	Statewide local rate for intrastate
	911 tax	3.00%	$1.16 per month
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	12.50%
Texas
	State sales tax	6.25%	Access, interstate and intrastate
	Local sales tax	2.00%	Austin (2.0%) & Houston (2.0%)
	Wireless 911 tax	1.29%	$.50 per month per line
	Texas USF	2.08%	3.3% times FCC safe harbor
	911 Equalization surcharge	0.16%	$.06 per line
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	11.77%
Utah
	State sales tax	4.70%	Access and intrastate
	Local sales taxes	2.15%	Avg. of Salt Lake City (2.15%) and Provo (2.15%)
	Local utility wireless	3.50%	Levied at 3.5% max. in SLC and Provo
	State 911 service charges	2.07%	$.80 per month
	State Radio Network charge	1.35%	$.52 per month
	State USF	0.93%	$0.36 per month
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	14.70%
Vermont
	State sales tax	6.00%	Access, interstate and intrastate
	Local sales tax	0.50%	Avg. of Montpelier (0%) and Burlington (1%)
	State 911/USF	2.00%	Funds 911 and other programs
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	8.50%
	Virginia
	State communications sales tax	5.00%	CST
	Wireless 911	1.94%	$.75 per month
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	6.94%
Washington
	State sales tax	6.50%	Access, interstate and intrastate
	Local sales taxes	2.95%	Olympia (2.3%) & Seattle (3.6%) average
	B&O / Utility Franchise — local	7.50%	Olympia (9%) & Seattle (6%) average
	911 — state	0.65%	$.25 per month
	911 — local	1.81%	$.70 per month
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	19.41%
West Virginia
	State sales tax	0.00%	No sales tax on wireless
	Wireless 911	8.64%	$3.34 per month
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	8.64%
Wisconsin
	State sales tax	5.00%	Access, intrastate and interstate
	Local sales tax	0.55%	Avg. of Milwaukee (0.6%) & Madison (0.5%)
	Police and Fire Protection Fee	1.94%	$.75 per month
	State USF	1.50%	2.38% times FCC safe harbor
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	8.99%
Wyoming
	State sales tax	4.00%	access and intrastate
	Local sales tax	1.50%	Avg. of Cheyenne (2%) and Casper (1%)
	TRS	0.23%	Up to $.25/month — $.09 currently
	USF	1.07%	1.7% times FCC safe harbor
	911 tax	1.94%	$.75 per month in Cheyenne and Casper
	TOTAL TRANSACTION TAX	8.74%
	ARPU= $38.66
	FCC Safe Harbor = 37.1%*

Notes

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[1] Stephen J. Blumberg and Julian V. Luke, “Wireless Substitution: Early Release of Estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, July–December 2017,” National Center for Health Statistics, June 2018, 1-3, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhis/earlyrelease/wireless201806.pdf.

[2] These estimates are calculated by applying the rates of percentage-based taxes in each state by the average monthly bill after excluding the estimated 45 percent of the average monthly bill representing internet access. For flat rate per-line impositions, the per-line rate is multiplied by the estimated number of postpaid wireless lines.

[3] Missouri enacted HB1456 in 2018 that authorizes certain cities and counties to impose wireless 911 fees on or after January 1, 2019 if approved by voters.

[4] Federal Communications Commission, “Ninth Annual Report to Congress on State Collection and Distribution of 911 and Enhanced 911 Fees and Charges for the Period January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016,” Dec. 29, 2017, file:///C:/Users/RachelSW/Downloads/9th_annual_911_fee_report.pdf.

[5] Bill Ruthhart and Hal Dardick, “Emanuel’s Latest Possible Tax Hike: 911 Phone Fees,” Chicago Tribune, June 1, 2017, http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/politics/ct-rahm-emanuel-phone-fee-increase-met-0602-20170601-story.html.

[6] Stephen J. Blumberg, and Julian V. Luke, “Wireless Substitution: Early Release of Estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, July–December 2017,” 2-3.

[7] International Chamber of Commerce, “ICC Discussion Paper on the Adverse Effects of Discriminatory Taxes on Telecommunications Service,” Oct. 26, 2010, https://cdn.iccwbo.org/content/uploads/sites/3/2010/10/ICC-discussion-paper-on-the-adverse-effects-of-discriminatory-taxes-on-telecommunications-services.pdf.

[8] International Chamber of Commerce, “ICC Discussion Paper on the Adverse Effects of Discriminatory Taxes on Telecommunications Service,” 2.

[9] Dr. Robert F. Roche and Shae Gardner, “ Wireless Industry Indices Report: 2018,” CTIA, July 2018, 40.

[10] For the purposes of this report, the FCC safe harbor percentage is used. This allows for consistent multiyear comparisons of taxes, fees, and surcharges.

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