Sources of U.S. Tax Revenue by Tax Type, 2022 Update

Policy and economic differences among OECD countries have created variances in how they raise taxA tax is a mandatory payment or charge collected by local, state, and national governments from individuals or businesses to cover the costs of general government services, goods, and activities. revenue, with the United States deviating substantially from the OECD average on some sources of revenue.

Different taxes create different economic impacts, so policymakers should always consider how tax revenue is raised and not just how much is raised. This is especially important as the economic recovery from the pandemic continues.

In the United States, individual income taxes (federal, state, and local) were the primary source of tax revenue in 2020, at 41.1 percent of total tax revenue. Social insurance taxes (including payroll taxes for Social Security and Medicare) made up the second-largest share, at 24.8 percent, followed by consumption taxes, at 16.9 percent, and property taxA property tax is primarily levied on immovable property like land and buildings, as well as on tangible personal property that is movable, like vehicles and equipment. Property taxes are the single largest source of state and local revenue in the U.S. and help fund schools, roads, police, and other services. es, at 11.9 percent. Corporate income taxA corporate income tax (CIT) is levied by federal and state governments on business profits. Many companies are not subject to the CIT because they are taxed as pass-through businesses, with income reportable under the individual income tax. es accounted for 5.1 percent of total tax revenue in 2020, the third year after passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, and just 0.6 percentage points less than in 2017.

Compared to the OECD average, the United States relies significantly more on individual income taxAn individual income tax (or personal income tax) is levied on the wages, salaries, investments, or other forms of income an individual or household earns. The U.S. imposes a progressive income tax where rates increase with income. The Federal Income Tax was established in 1913 with the ratification of the 16th Amendment. Though barely 100 years old, individual income taxes are the largest source of tax revenue in the U.S. es and property taxes. While OECD countries on average raised 24 percent of total tax revenue from individual income taxes, the share in the United States was 41.1 percent, a difference of 17.1 percentage points.

This is partially because more than half of business income in the United States is reported on individual tax returns. Relative to other OECD countries, the U.S. approach to taxing business income boosts the share of tax revenue from individual income taxes in the U.S. and reduces the share of corporate tax revenue.

The OECD on average raised 5.6 percent of total tax revenue from property taxes, compared to 11.9 percent in the United States.

The United States relies much less on consumption taxA consumption tax is typically levied on the purchase of goods or services and is paid directly or indirectly by the consumer in the form of retail sales taxes, excise taxes, tariffs, value-added taxes (VAT), or an income tax where all savings is tax-deductible. es than other OECD countries. Taxes on goods and services accounted for only 16.9 percent of total tax revenue in the United States, compared to 32.1 percent in the OECD.

This is because all OECD countries, except the United States, levy value-added taxes (VAT) usually at relatively high rates. State and local sales taxA sales tax is levied on retail sales of goods and services and, ideally, should apply to all final consumption with few exemptions. Many governments exempt goods like groceries; base broadening, such as including groceries, could keep rates lower. A sales tax should exempt business-to-business transactions which, when taxed, cause tax pyramiding. rates in the United States are relatively low by comparison, but they are on a different tax base.

Countries also have different levels of governments at which taxes are collected. The United States along with nine other OECD countries have a decentralized political structure where state or regional governments play an important role in the tax collection.

Nearly half of tax revenues in the United States is raised at the state and local levels.

Every country’s mix of taxes is different, depending on factors such as its economic situation and policy goals. However, each type of tax impacts the economy in a different way, with some taxes being more adverse than others.

Generally, consumption-based taxes are a more efficient source of revenue because they create less economic damage and distortionary effects than taxes on income. As the U.S. economy recovers from the pandemic, tax revenues are also recovering. Policymakers should be cautious to avoid enacting tax increases that will be harmful to the recovery or place unnecessary burdens on U.S. workers and businesses.

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