Three-Fourths of New 2016 Investment Was Excluded from Improved Cost Recovery

Recent IRS data gives us insights into new capital expenditures made by both individuals and corporations in 2016. In total, the IRS estimates that individuals reported $347.1 billion in capital expenditures and corporations reported nearly $1 trillion of assets placed into service.

An important takeaway from this data is that it sheds light on what share of new business investment was eligible for bonus depreciationBonus depreciation allows firms to deduct a larger portion of certain “short-lived” investments in new or improved technology, equipment, or buildings in the first year. Allowing businesses to write off more investments partially alleviates a bias in the tax code and incentivizes companies to invest more, which, in the long run, raises worker productivity, boosts wages, and creates more jobs. as it existed in 2016, and what share of new investment was excluded from improved cost recoveryCost recovery is the ability of businesses to recover (deduct) the costs of their investments. It plays an important role in defining a business’ tax base and can impact investment decisions. When businesses cannot fully deduct capital expenditures, they spend less on capital, which reduces worker’s productivity and wages. . (In 2016, bonus depreciationDepreciation is a measurement of the “useful life” of a business asset, such as machinery or a factory, to determine the multiyear period over which the cost of that asset can be deducted from taxable income. Instead of allowing businesses to deduct the cost of investments immediately (i.e., full expensing), depreciation requires deductions to be taken over time, reducing their value and discouraging investment. was set at 50 percent.) This matters because the income taxA tax is a mandatory payment or charge collected by local, state, and national governments from individuals or businesses to cover the costs of general government services, goods, and activities. is biased against investment in capital assets to the extent that it makes the investor wait years or decades to claim the cost of machines, equipment, or factories on their tax returns.

Of the nearly $1.4 trillion of new investments in 2016, $79.4 billion, or 5.9 percent, was immediately depreciated under the Section 179 schedule. Another $255.7 billion, or 18.9 percent, was eligible for bonus depreciation. The remaining three-fourths of new investments were depreciated over longer schedules:

• $143 billion (10.6 percent) of 39-year property,
• $172.1 billion (12.8 percent) of 27.5-year property,
• $632.4 billion (47 percent) of 20-year or shorter property, and
• $64.2 billion (4.8 percent) of other property.

Pass-Through BusinessA pass-through business is a sole proprietorship, partnership, or S corporation that is not subject to the corporate income tax; instead, this business reports its income on the individual income tax returns of the owners and is taxed at individual income tax rates. Investment

In 2016, approximately 3 percent of assets placed into service by individuals—these estimates include returns from pass-through businesses, such as S corporationAn S corporation is a business entity which elects to pass business income and losses through to its shareholders. The shareholders are then responsible for paying individual income taxes on this income. Unlike subchapter C corporations, an S corporation (S corp) is not subject to the corporate income tax (CIT). s and partnerships—was bonus depreciation property, and nearly 20 percent was Section 179 property. The remaining three-fourths of new investments had to be deducted over longer periods. The largest share of new investment by individuals, accounting for $164.1 billion (47 percent of new investment), was residential rental property, which is subject to a 27.5-year depreciation schedule.

Corporate Investment

Short-lived assets made up the majority ($585.5 billion or 59 percent) of all assets placed into service by corporations in 2016. Bonus depreciation property was second at 24 percent. Non-residential real property, the 39-year depreciation schedule, was third at 9 percent. Section 179 and residential rental property (27.5-year schedule) each made up a slender 1 percent of new corporate investment.

Discussion

Under 2016 tax law, most investments were not eligible for full cost recovery, but instead depreciated over many years. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) of 2017 enacted 100 percent bonus depreciation on a temporary basis for short-lived assets and expanded the size of the Section 179 deduction, providing full cost recovery to short-lived investments for a few years, but not improving cost recovery for structures.

As seen in the 2016 data, structures make up a significant portion of new investment. Together, structures amounted to $220.4 billion, or 64 percent, of all individual investment and $101.8 billion, or 10 percent, of all corporate investment. The schedules for structures include the 27.5-year, 39-year, and ADS 40-year. These long depreciation schedules reduce the real value of the deductions, biasing the tax code against these types of investments.

One method of ameliorating this effect is to implement a neutral cost recovery system for the depreciation of structures. Additionally, on a permanent basis, 100 percent bonus expensing has significant pro-growth effects. Ideally, all forms of capital investment would receive full cost recovery through a combination of expensing and neutral cost recovery, removing the tax code’s bias against investment and encouraging greater economic growth.

Appendix

Table 1. Capital Expenditure Subject to Major Depreciation Schedules, Individual Estimates, 2016

Depreciation Schedule	Line Number, Form 4562	Value of New Investment	Percentage of Individual New Investment
Section 179	12	$67,630,770,000.00	19.48%
Bonus Depreciation	14	$10,442,602,000.00	3.01%
3-year	19a	$1,522,510,000.00	0.44%
5-year	19b	$15,542,219,000.00	4.48%
7-year	19c	$17,900,502,000.00	5.16%
10-year	19d	$3,139,439,000.00	0.90%
15-year	19e	$7,003,384,000.00	2.02%
20-year	19f	$1,760,122,000.00	0.51%
25-year	19g	$674,234,000.00	0.19%
27.5-year	19h	$164,102,734,000.00	47.28%
39-year	19i	$52,831,501,000.00	15.22%
50-year	Margin	N/A	N/A
Other ADS	20a	$940,533,000.00	0.27%
ADS 12-year	20b	$102,297,000.00	0.03%
ADS 40-year	20c	$3,503,434,000.00	1.01%
Total New Investment		$347,096,281,000.00
Source: Internal Revenue Service, “Individual Income Tax Return – Line Item Estimates,” 2016.

Table 2. Capital Expenditure Subject to Major Depreciation Schedules, Corporation Estimates, 2016

Depreciation Schedule	Line Number, Form 4562	Amount of New Investment Subject to Schedule, 2016	Percentage of New Investment Subject to Schedule, 2016
Section 179	12	$11,806,729,000.00	1.18%
Bonus Depreciation	14	$245,250,557,000.00	24.53%
3-year	19a	$26,156,104,000.00	2.62%
5-year	19b	$368,739,775,000.00	36.89%
7-year	19c	$113,724,755,000.00	11.38%
10-year	19d	$6,719,710,000.00	0.67%
15-year	19e	$42,421,496,000.00	4.24%
20-year	19f	$27,740,854,000.00	2.78%
25-year	19g	N/A	N/A
27.5-year	19h	$7,962,904,000.00	0.80%
39-year	19i	$90,162,804,000.00	9.02%
50-year	Margin	N/A	N/A
Other ADS	20a	$48,834,733,000.00	4.89%
ADS 12-year	20b	$6,405,965,000.00	0.64%
ADS 40-year	20c	$3,720,401,000.00	0.37%
TOTAL New Investment		$999,646,787,000.00
Source: Internal Revenue Service, “SOI Tax Stats – Corporation Complete Report, Table 13,” 2016.

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