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![DeSantis gas tax relief DeSantis gas tax proposal Florida gas tax proposal Florida gas tax relief Florida online sales tax law bottled water tax on water extraction in Florida](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Florida-state-capitol-petert2-adobe1-e1614638833939-300x200.jpeg)
Renewed Calls for Severance Taxes on Bottled Spring Water
Amid a debate over water extraction from Florida’s springs, Florida Sen. Annette Taddeo (D) has introduced a bill (SB 562) which, if enacted, would establish an excise tax on water extraction beginning July 1.
4 min read![UK taxes, UK tax reform 2021 UK tax reform British tax reform, 2021 UK budget](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/uk-london-444-300x157.jpeg)
Brits to Prepare for Tax Reforms
Tax hikes or spending cuts implemented early in the year might undermine the desirable rapid recovery of the economy. The UK should focus on implementing tax reforms that have the potential to stimulate economic recovery by supporting business investment and employment while increasing its international tax competitiveness.
4 min read![Individual Taxes Are the Most Important Tax Revenue Source for the United States Sources of Tax Revenue in the United States US tax revenue, governmetn revenue in the US, US federal tax revenue 2021](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Individual-Taxes-Are-the-Most-Important-Tax-Revenue-Source-for-the-United-States-Sources-of-Tax-Revenue-in-the-United-States-US-tax-revenue-governmetn-revenue-in-the-US-US-federal-tax-revenue-2021-300x212.png)
Sources of U.S. Tax Revenue by Tax Type, 2021 Update
In the United States, individual income taxes (federal, state, and local) are the primary source of tax revenue, at 41.5 percent of total tax revenue. Social insurance taxes make up the second-largest share, at 24.9 percent, followed by consumption taxes, at 17.6 percent, and property taxes, at 12.1 percent.
4 min read![State Tax Policy Boot Camp](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Graphics-03-e1612386496297-300x150.png)
Join Us for a Free “State Tax Policy Boot Camp”
The Tax Foundation’s “State Tax Policy Boot Camp,” is ideal for anyone interested in gaining a better understanding of state taxation.
2 min read![Canada's Provinces Collect Almost the Same Amount of Revenue as Its Central Government Sources of OECD Tax Revenue by Level of Government, 2019, Sources of tax revenue in the OECD tax revenue](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Canadas-Provinces-Collect-Almost-the-Same-Amount-of-Revenue-as-Its-Central-Government-Sources-of-OECD-Tax-Revenue-by-Level-of-Government-2019-Sources-of-tax-revenue-in-the-OECD-tax-revenue-300x212.png)
Sources of Government Revenue in the OECD, 2021 Update
Developed countries have on average become more reliant on consumption taxes and less reliant on individual income taxes. These policy changes matter, considering that consumption-based taxes raise revenue with less distortionary effects than taxes on income.
16 min read![EU tax research The European Commission and the Taxation of the Digital Economy EU digital levy](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/eu-european-union-linkedin-3-300x157.jpeg)
The European Commission and the Taxation of the Digital Economy
The consultation on the EU’s digital levy provides an opportunity for policymakers and taxpayers to reflect on the underlying issues of digital taxation and potential consequences from a digital levy. Unless the EU digital levy is designed with an OECD agreement in mind, it is likely to cause more uncertainty in cross-border tax policy.
12 min read![VAT revenues declined in 2020. VAT rates and VAT revenues amid the coronavirus pandemic. VAT covid analysis](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/VAT-revenues-declined-in-2020-VAT-rates-and-VAT-revenues-amid-the-coronavirus-pandemic-VAT-covid-analysis-300x212.png)
Value-added Taxes in the Pandemic
Many governments have chosen to use VAT as a tool to provide tax relief for consumption in various sectors throughout the pandemic, but in the long term, VAT should not be used as a tool for relief.
3 min read![Value-added taxes (VAT) make up approximately one-fifth of total tax revenues in Europe. Actionable VAT Policy Gap in Europe](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Value-added-taxes-VAT-make-up-approximately-one-fifth-of-total-tax-revenues-in-Europe.-Actionable-VAT-Policy-Gap-in-Europe-300x290.png)
Actionable VAT Policy Gap in Europe
Value-added taxes (VAT) make up approximately one-fifth of total tax revenues in Europe. However, European countries differ significantly in how efficiently they raise VAT revenues. One way to measure a country’s VAT efficiency is the VAT Gap.
3 min read![Tax Cuts and Jobs Act offshoring OECD BEPS project, OECD consultation document, OECD multinationals, Consumption tax policies in OECD countries, Consumption taxes in OECD countries](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/linkedin-In-Stream_Wide___International-flags-sweden-e1570637639329-300x158.jpeg)
Consumption Tax Policies in OECD Countries
Despite the potential of consumption taxes as a neutral and efficient source of tax revenues, many governments have implemented policies that are unduly complex and have poorly designed tax bases that exclude many goods or services from taxation, or tax them at reduced rates.
40 min read![2021 Value-Added Tax Rates in Europe, 2021 VAT rates in Europe](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/2021-Value-Added-Tax-VAT-Rates.-2021-VAT-Rates-01-300x290.png)
VAT Rates in Europe, 2021
More than 140 countries worldwide—including all European countries—levy a Value-Added Tax (VAT) on goods and services.
4 min read![Africa tax revenue, revenue statistics in Africa, VAT is the most important tax revenue source in Africa](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/African-Tax-to-GDP-2020-02-300x215.png)
OECD Report: Tax Revenue in African Countries
Taxes on goods and services were on average the greatest source of tax revenue for African countries, at over 50 percent of total tax revenues. VAT contributed on average 30 percent, making it the most important tax on goods and services.
6 min read![Comparing Europe's Tax Systems: Consumption Taxes. Best and worst consumption tax systems in Europe 2020](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/ITCI-Consumption-FV-01-300x289.png)
Comparing Europe’s Tax Systems: Consumption Taxes
How do consumption tax codes compare among European OECD countries? Explore our new map to see how consumption tax systems in Europe compare.
2 min read![Spain Recovery Plan Tax Hikes 2020 Spanish Regional Tax Competitiveness Index, Spain economic recovery, Spain recovery budget, Spain recovery plan](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/barcelona-spain-300x225.jpg)
Spain’s Recovery Budget Comes with Tax Hikes
While other countries in Europe are working towards introducing tax cuts and stimulating economic recovery by supporting business investment and employment, Spain is putting more fiscal pressure on households and businesses.
4 min read![UK tax reform, 2021 budget UK 2021 budget, UK corporate tax reform, UK corporation tax rate](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/uk-london-united-kingdom-300x200.jpg)
A Framework for the Future: Reforming the UK Tax System
Our new guide identifies key areas for improvement in UK tax policy and provides recommendations that would support long-term growth without putting a dent in government revenues.
24 min read![European country rankings on the 2020 International Tax Competitiveness Index. European tax systems ranked, Europe tax rankings](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/2020-ITCI-European-Map-FV-300x289.png)
International Tax Competitiveness Index 2020
Our International Index compares OECD countries on over 40 variables that measure how well each country’s tax system promotes sustainable economic growth and investment.
13 min read![VAT Gap EU member state 2020](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/VAT-Gap-2020-FV-01-291x300.png)
New European Commission Report: VAT Gap
Just as COVID-19 is putting pressure on other sources of revenue, the loss of VAT revenues resulting from the crisis will force governments to evaluate their VAT systems.
3 min read![OECD tax revenues 2021 sources of government revenue in the oecd, 2019, government tax revenue corporate tax revenue corporate tax revenues](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Sources-of-government-revenue-euros-CROP-e1555963525137-300x188.jpeg)
Contrary to Popular Belief, Value-Added Taxes Found to Be Slightly Progressive
Value-added taxes (VAT) are traditionally considered regressive, meaning they place a disproportionate burden on low-income taxpayers. However, a recent OECD study used household expenditures micro-data from 27 OECD countries to reassess this conclusion.
5 min read![](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/euro-4-300x200.jpg)
Where Should the Money Come From?
The fiscal response to the COVID-19 pandemic will require policymakers to consider what revenue resources should be used to fill budget gaps. Tax policy experts have proposed wealth taxes, (global) corporate minimum taxes, excess profits taxes, and digital taxes as opportunities for governments to raise new revenues.
20 min read![Brazil consumption tax, Brazil tax complexity, Brazil tax progressivity](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/brazil-3-300x225.jpg)
Brazil has the Opportunity to Implement a Simple Consumption Tax and Foster Tax Progressivity at the Same Time
Brazil has one of the world’s most complex tax systems. Brazil has the opportunity to implement a simple consumption tax and foster tax progressivity at the same time.
5 min read![2024 VAT rates in Europe, including value-added tax or 2024 EU VAT rates data](https://taxfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/VAT-Rates-24_updated-300x259.png)