This week’s map looks at another barrier to business and consumer recovery: state capital stock taxes. These taxes impair economic growth in the best of times, but during an economic contraction they are particularly harmful to businesses struggling to remain viable. As many businesses may need time to return to profitability after the pandemic crisis, states should prioritize reducing reliance on these taxes and shift toward more neutral forms of business taxation.
Unlike corporate income taxes, which are levied on a business’s net income (or profit), capital stock taxes are imposed on a business’s net worth (or accumulated wealth). As such, the taxA tax is a mandatory payment or charge collected by local, state, and national governments from individuals or businesses to cover the costs of general government services, goods, and activities. tends to penalize investment and requires businesses to pay regardless of whether they make a profit in a given year, or ever.
Fifteen states levy capital stock taxes (often called franchise taxes, though some states use that term for different types of taxes as well). Capital stock taxes are not always limited to C corporations, either; different states have different laws regarding the types of businesses that fall under a capital stock tax. However, regardless of which entities are subject to the tax, the incentive is clear—capital stock taxes disincentivize capital accumulation in a state.
While exact formulas and methodologies vary from state to state, capital stock taxes are usually levied on a firm’s net assets, with rates ranging from a low of 0.02 percent in Wyoming to a high of 0.3 percent in Arkansas and Louisiana. Among the states that levy a capital stock tax, half place a cap on the maximum liability a business may be required to pay; the other half does not have a limit. Among the seven states with a cap, Georgia’s is the lowest at $5,000, while Illinois’ is the highest at $2 million.
In Connecticut and Massachusetts, the capital stock tax functions similarly to an alternative minimum tax, where firms calculate both their corporate income taxA corporate income tax (CIT) is levied by federal and state governments on business profits. Many companies are not subject to the CIT because they are taxed as pass-through businesses, with income reportable under the individual income tax. liability and their capital stock tax liability and pay whichever amount is greater.
In Georgia and Nebraska, the capital stock tax is based on a fixed dollar payment schedule, rather than on a percentage of net assets, with tax rates decreasing as taxable capital increases.
| State | Tax Rate | Max Payment |
|---|---|---|
| Alabama | 0.175% | $15,000 |
| Arkansas | 0.3% | Unlimited |
| Connecticut (a,b) | 0.26% | $1,000,000 |
| Delaware | 0.035% | $200,000 |
| Georgia | (c) | $5,000 |
| Illinois (d) | 0.1% | $2,000,000 |
| Louisiana (e) | 0.3% | Unlimited |
| Massachusetts (a) | 0.26% | Unlimited |
| Mississippi (f) | 0.175% | Unlimited |
| Nebraska | (c) | (g) |
| North Carolina | 0.15% | Unlimited |
| Oklahoma | 0.125% | $20,000 |
| South Carolina | 0.1% | Unlimited |
| Tennessee | 0.25% | Unlimited |
| Wyoming | 0.02% | Unlimited |
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(a) Taxpayer pays the greater of corporate income tax or capital stock tax liability. (b) Tax will be fully phased out by January 1, 2024. (c) Based on a fixed dollar payment schedule. Effective tax rates decrease as taxable capital increases. (d) The tax rate is 0.15% for the first year and 0.1% for all following years. Illinois’s tax is being phased out by exempting increasing amounts of capital stock liability. The 2021 exemption is $1,000. The tax will be fully phased out by 2024. (e) The rate is 0.15% for the first $300,000 of taxable capital. (f) Tax will be fully phased out by Jan. 1, 2028. (g) Nebraska’s Corporation Occupation Tax is due every other year. The maximum tax is $23,990 for domestic (Nebraska) corporations and $30,000 for foreign (out-of-state) corporations. Note: Capital stock taxes are levied on net assets of a company or its market capitalization. Sources: State statutes; state revenue departments; Bloomberg Tax. |
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Taxing a company based on its net worth disincentivizes the accumulation of wealth, or capital, which in turn can distort the size of firms and lead to harmful economic effects. As legislators have increasingly recognized the damaging effects of capital stock taxes, many states have reduced them or repealed them altogether. Kansas completely phased out its capital stock tax prior to tax year 2011, followed by West Virginia and Rhode Island in 2015 and Pennsylvania in 2016. New York finished its phaseout as of January 1. Mississippi is in the process of phasing out its capital stock tax, which should be completely eliminated by 2028. Illinois and Connecticut are also phasing out this tax, with both completing the process by 2024.
Capital stock taxes burden businesses that may already be struggling. State plans for economic recovery would benefit from a move toward more neutral forms of taxation.
Note: This blog post is part of a series that looks at tax policy barriers to states’ post-coronavirus recovery.
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