Brazil has the Opportunity to Implement a Simple Consumption Tax and Foster Tax Progressivity at the Same Time

On July 21 the Brazilian government sent to its Congress the first stage of its proposed taxA tax is a mandatory payment or charge collected by local, state, and national governments from individuals or businesses to cover the costs of general government services, goods, and activities. reform. The proposal includes unifying two levies on consumption, the so-called PIS and COFIN taxes, into a 12% value-added tax (VAT)A Value-Added Tax (VAT) is a consumption tax assessed on the value added in each production stage of a good or service. Every business along the value chain receives a tax credit for the VAT already paid. The end consumer does not, making it a tax on final consumption. .

Brazil has one of the world’s most complex tax systems. According to the World Bank while a typical business spends 234 hours to fulfill its tax obligations, a Brazilian company faces 1,500 hours. Brazil’s fiscal system is characterized by opaque regulations and constantly shifting rules across federal, state, and municipal levels. Overhauling the tax system would create efficiencies for companies and help promote private investment.

According to the Organisation for Co-operation and Economic Development (OECD), approximately 21 percent of the Brazilian government revenues derive from income taxes while 44 percent are raised by indirect taxes imposed on consumption, with specific regulations and reporting requirements for the seven types of consumption taxA consumption tax is typically levied on the purchase of goods or services and is paid directly or indirectly by the consumer in the form of retail sales taxes, excise taxes, tariffs, value-added taxes (VAT), or an income tax where all savings is tax-deductible. es. Such numbers show the major problem affecting the Brazilian tax environment is the indirect taxAn indirect tax is imposed on one person or group, like manufacturers, then shifted to a different payer, usually the consumer. Unlike direct taxes, indirect taxes are levied on goods and services, not individual payers, and collected by the retailer or manufacturer. Sales and Value-Added Taxes (VATs) are two examples of indirect taxes. system.

Negotiations on tax reform were supposed to begin late last year but were delayed by political infighting between President and Congress. Earlier this year, Brazil’s reform agenda was put again on hold when the largest Latin American economy was hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. Efforts until now have also been hindered by powerful vested interests, particularly at the state and municipal levels.

A Complex Indirect TaxA direct tax is levied on individuals and organizations and cannot be shifted to another payer. Often with a direct tax, such as the personal income tax, tax rates increase as the taxpayer’s ability to pay increases, resulting in what’s called a progressive tax. System

Although the Brazilian indirect tax system has been subject to multiple changes during the past years, numerous types of indirect taxes still coexist. The most relevant consumption taxes are described below.

Table 1. Consumption Taxes in Brazil

Tax	Tax Jurisdiction	Method	Tax Base	Tax Rate
Social Contribution on Billing (COFINS)	Federal	Value-added/ Turnover1	Goods and services	7.6% on value-added/ 3% on turnover
Contribution to the Social Integration Program (PIS)	Federal	Value-added/ Turnover	Goods and services	1.65% on value-added/ 0.65% on turnover
Excise Tax on manufactured goods (IPI)	Federal	Value-added	Industrialized goods	5% to 15%; over 300% for certain products
Tax on Circulation of Goods and Services (ICMS)	State	Value-added	Goods and transportation and  communication services	Internal state rates: 17%-20% Interstate sales rates: 4%, 7% or 12%
Tax on Services (ISS)	Municipal	Turnover	Services	2% to 5% of the gross revenue
Economic Contribution on Fuel (CIDE- Combustíveis)	Federal	Single Stage	Gasoline and diesel	Different for each fuel type
Tax on Financial Operations (IOF)	Federal	Single Stage	Financial operations and assets	0 to 0.38%, increased to 1.1% since March 2020
Source: Guilherme Giglio and Marcelo Natale, “The long-expected Brazilian tax reform – objectives, challenges and pitfalls,” International Tax Review, Mar. 30, 2020, https://www.internationaltaxreview.com/article/b1ky5my4sl0zqx/the-long-expected-brazilian-tax-reform-objectives-challenges-and-pitfalls; PWC, “Worldwide Tax Summaries,” accessed June 30, 2020, https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/brazil/corporate/other-taxes. 1 — In Brazil these taxes are referred to as Noncumulative and Cumulative.

Tax Reform Proposals

Earlier this month, Paulo Guedes, Brazil’s finance minister, outlined to Congress an initial proposal focused solely on uniting the two social security federal levies, PIS and COFINS, into a 12 percent goods and services tax (IBS). The idea is to combine this proposal with two other bills that are already being analyzed in Congress.

The lower house proposal summarized in the Amendment Bill 45 (PEC 45/2019), which appears to have broad support, establishes the creation of IBS as a federal tax with a 10-year gradual abolition of the first five taxes described above: PIS, COFINS, the tax on manufactured products (IPI), the tax on the circulation of goods and services (ICMS), and the municipal tax on services (ISS).

Secondly, the Senate is considering the Bill of Amendment 110 (PEC 110/ 2019), which would also create a noncumulative IBS, to replace seven of the existing taxes. On top of the lower house proposal, the 110 bill would also abolish the tax on financial operations (IOF) and the contribution on fuels (CIDE- Combustíveis), which would also be replaced by the IBS. This proposal establishes a shorter transition period of five years but attributes the authority to the states and allows for differentiated rates and incentives for certain economic sectors.

The proposed IBS model is similar to a European VAT, meaning that that the tax is paid only on the value-added at each stage of production. VAT is considered economically efficient, as they facilitate collection, guarantee neutrality, avoid distortions in the supply chain, and free competition.

Additional Reforms

On August 15, Brazil’s finance minister plans to send to Congress the remaining items of the tax reform proposal. The final bill intends to reduce taxes on companies and individuals, eliminate payroll taxA payroll tax is a tax paid on the wages and salaries of employees to finance social insurance programs like Social Security, Medicare, and unemployment insurance. Payroll taxes are social insurance taxes that comprise 24.8 percent of combined federal, state, and local government revenue, the second largest source of that combined tax revenue. es, and create instead levies on dividends and electronic transactions—a 0.2% transaction tax—to compensate for the loss of revenue.

Conclusions

One of the biggest challenges for this reform is dealing with the vested interests, of the states and especially municipalities that are not willing to renounce collecting their own taxes. Nevertheless, reshuffling the system by unifying federal consumption taxes would still create efficiencies for companies and help promote private investment.

However, Professor Rita de la Feria, in a public hearing in Congress, recommended carrying the tax reform in a single phase as the loss of political capital would probably prevent the execution of the following reform stages in future years. Additionally, instead of applying different VAT rates for certain goods and services, she proposed the introduction of a single rate and direct transfers to low-income earners to foster tax progressivity. Brazil is already working on the technology that could also allow for real-time tax returns and which would make the system fairer. When simplifying and unifying its tax code, Brazil could also take note of the example of Switzerland that has the best-structured consumption tax among OECD countries according to our International Tax Competitiveness Index.

Finally, the reintroduction of the financial transaction tax (FTT)A financial transaction tax (FTT) is levied on each unique instance of the buying and selling of financial assets such as stocks, bonds, or derivatives. Under a financial transaction tax, a percentage of the asset’s value is paid in taxes when it is traded. FTTs usually apply only to select financial instruments and often have varying tax rates depending on the asset type. , abolished in 2007, faces the opposition of the President along with other policymakers who are not supporting the creation of new taxes. FTTs have the potential to negatively impact capital formation, growth, and economic recovery.

Brazil should focus on simplifying its tax code and make taxes more efficient and neutral by broadening their tax baseThe tax base is the total amount of income, property, assets, consumption, transactions, or other economic activity subject to taxation by a tax authority. A narrow tax base is non-neutral and inefficient. A broad tax base reduces tax administration costs and allows more revenue to be raised at lower rates. s, lowering tax rates, and eliminating unnecessary tax exemptionA tax exemption excludes certain income, revenue, or even taxpayers from tax altogether. For example, nonprofits that fulfill certain requirements are granted tax-exempt status by the IRS, preventing them from having to pay income tax. s. This would improve the overall tax code and pave the way for economic recovery.

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