How Much Does Your State Collect in Sales Taxes per Capita?

This week’s map looks at state and local sales tax collections per capita. Forty-five states and the District of Columbia have state-levied sales taxes. Five states—Alaska, Delaware, Montana, New Hampshire, and Oregon—do not collect sales taxes at the state level, although Alaska allows localities to impose local sales taxes.

In fiscal year (FY) 2017, the highest state sales taxA sales tax is levied on retail sales of goods and services and, ideally, should apply to all final consumption with few exemptions. Many governments exempt goods like groceries; base broadening, such as including groceries, could keep rates lower. A sales tax should exempt business-to-business transactions which, when taxed, cause tax pyramiding. collections per capita were found in Washington ($2,476), Hawaii ($2,431), the District of Columbia ($1,967), Louisiana ($1,851), Nevada ($1,846), and South Dakota ($1,648). Hawaii and South Dakota have broad sales tax bases that include many services, contributing to those states’ high collections per capita. Both states’ sales taxA tax is a mandatory payment or charge collected by local, state, and national governments from individuals or businesses to cover the costs of general government services, goods, and activities. bases, but particularly Hawaii’s, capture many business-to-business transactions instead of just final consumer goods and services. That creates harmful tax pyramiding, where the sales tax is embedded in the final price several times over as imposed at multiple points during the production process.

The lowest state and local sales tax collections per capita are found in Alaska ($316), Vermont ($627), Virginia ($642), West Virginia ($758), South Carolina ($760), and Maryland ($765). Rates and (in some cases) lower per capita consumption play a part in these states’ sales tax collections, but their relatively narrow bases also affect collections.

Narrow sales tax bases reduce collections, but more importantly, they make the tax less neutral and less economically efficient. Many states exempt certain goods (like groceries or clothing) from the sales tax for political reasons, while they exclude many consumer services (such as dry cleaning, haircuts, or tax preparation) largely by historical accident. Most states instituted their sales taxes during the Great Depression era, where services made up a much smaller portion of the economy. Since then, the portion of total U.S. personal consumption dedicated to services has grown significantly, while purchase of goods has declined. This trend has contributed to the erosion of states’ sales tax bases over time, an unintentional base-narrowing that puts upward pressure on sales tax rates.

Broader sales tax bases address an important equity concern, as services, which are currently mostly exempt, tend to be consumed disproportionately by higher-net-worth individuals, and their exclusion makes the tax more regressive. Curiously, a policy expressly designed to inject progressivity into sales taxes—an exemption for groceries—largely fails to accomplish its purpose. Studies suggest that the exclusion of groceries beyond the required exemption for food purchased using SNAP or WIC does not actually favor lower earners.

Rightsizing a state’s sales tax baseThe tax base is the total amount of income, property, assets, consumption, transactions, or other economic activity subject to taxation by a tax authority. A narrow tax base is non-neutral and inefficient. A broad tax base reduces tax administration costs and allows more revenue to be raised at lower rates. can not only make the tax more equitable and better align it with the modern economy but also generate revenue that can be used to pay down the rates of more harmful taxes. That is why sales tax base broadening, which is favored by public finance scholars across the political spectrum, features prominently in many tax reform plans.

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