Inflation IndexingInflation indexing refers to automatic cost-of-living adjustments built into tax provisions to keep pace with inflation. Absent these adjustments, income taxes are subject to “bracket creep” and stealth increases on taxpayers, while excise taxes are vulnerable to erosion as taxes expressed in marginal dollars, rather than rates, slowly lose value. : A TaxA tax is a mandatory payment or charge collected by local, state, and national governments from individuals or businesses to cover the costs of general government services, goods, and activities. payer Protection for Marylanders
Nicole Kaeding
Economist, Tax Foundation
Committee on Ways & Means, Maryland House of Delegates
February 2, 2016
Chairperson Hixson, Vice-Chairperson Turner, Members of the Committee:
My name is Nicole Kaeding, and I’m an economist at the Tax Foundation. For those unfamiliar with us, we are a non-partisan, non-profit research organization that has monitored fiscal policy at all levels of government since 1937. We have produced the Facts & Figures handbook since 1941, we calculate Tax Freedom Day each year, we produce the State Business Tax Climate Index, and we have a wealth of other data, rankings, and information at our website, www.TaxFoundation.org.
I’m pleased to testifying today on House Bill 159, 160, and 161 which deal with inflationInflation is when the general price of goods and services increases across the economy, reducing the purchasing power of a currency and the value of certain assets. The same paycheck covers less goods, services, and bills. It is sometimes referred to as a “hidden tax,” as it leaves taxpayers less well-off due to higher costs and “bracket creep,” while increasing the government’s spending power. indexing in the individual income taxAn individual income tax (or personal income tax) is levied on the wages, salaries, investments, or other forms of income an individual or household earns. The U.S. imposes a progressive income tax where rates increase with income. The Federal Income Tax was established in 1913 with the ratification of the 16th Amendment. Though barely 100 years old, individual income taxes are the largest source of tax revenue in the U.S. code. While we take no position on legislation, I plan to share some of our research on inflation indexing across the country and the economic evidence related to these types of provisions.
Inflation Indexing is a Standard Feature in a Modern Tax Code
The federal government began inflation indexing its tax bracketA tax bracket is the range of incomes taxed at given rates, which typically differ depending on filing status. In a progressive individual or corporate income tax system, rates rise as income increases. There are seven federal individual income tax brackets; the federal corporate income tax system is flat. s in the 1980s. Many states have copied those policies as a taxpayer protection as they modernize their tax codes.
Forty-three states levy an individual income tax. Of those states, 24 fully index their brackets to inflation. Nine of those states have single-rate income taxes, which are inflation-indexed by their definition. California and Oregon partially index their brackets. The remaining 18 states and the District of Columbia do not index their brackets.
Inflation indexing a state’s standard deductionThe standard deduction reduces a taxpayer’s taxable income by a set amount determined by the government. It was nearly doubled for all classes of filers by the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) as an incentive for taxpayers not to itemize deductions when filing their federal income taxes. is even more common; 32 states and the District of Columbia index their standard deductions. Finally, 19 states and District of Columbia index their personal exemption. Maryland does not index any of these components of its income tax code.
Failure to Inflation Index Makes Tax Systems More Regressive
Inflation indexing matters. Otherwise, “bracket creepBracket creep occurs when inflation pushes taxpayers into higher income tax brackets or reduces the value of credits, deductions, and exemptions. Bracket creep results in an increase in income taxes without an increase in real income. Many tax provisions—both at the federal and state level—are adjusted for inflation. ” occurs. Bracket creep is the process by which a higher income level pushes a taxpayer into the next tax bracket, even if that higher income is just keeping pace with inflation.
As a result, the individual pays higher taxes than they otherwise would. A lack of inflation adjustment can also push more of a taxpayer’s income into the highest bracket for which they qualify. The result is a higher tax burden for taxpayers whose wages may have increased in only nominal terms, but not in terms of purchasing power. This tax increase compounds each year, without any legislation being passed.
Bracket creep makes tax codes more regressive. Lower and middle-income individuals are more affected by this policy.
The effects of bracket creep are stronger in Maryland as Maryland does not index any component of its individual income tax. The effects are particularly strong within the standard deduction and personal exemption, which are designed to provide tax relief to low-income individuals. By not indexing the values for inflation, the value of these provisions shrinks annually.
Lack of Inflation Indexing Puts Pressure on Maryland Businesses
Failing to inflation index puts an additional strain on Maryland businesses. Without inflation indexing, tax burdens rise faster than wages. In addition, tax burdens increase faster than a business’ inflation-adjusted revenue. As bracket creep pushes up tax burdens, employees will seek to preserve their after-tax incomeAfter-tax income is the net amount of income available to invest, save, or consume after federal, state, and withholding taxes have been applied—your disposable income. Companies and, to a lesser extent, individuals, make economic decisions in light of how they can best maximize their earnings. . To do so, they will demand raises at the rate of their increasing tax burdens, but an employers may only be able to afford to offer raises at the pace of inflation. This phenomenon would likely affect smaller firms more, making it harder for businesses to hang on to high-skilled workers.
Inflation-Indexing Requires Consistent Application
Finally, I would like to encourage you to carry out inflation indexing into perpetuity. The main benefits are cumulative; they manifest over many years, or even decades. It is important that inflation indexing be carried out year after year, without interruptions or suspensions.
Conclusion
Inflation indexing is a key reform to include in any tax modernization effort. It enables taxpayers to have greater confidence about future tax liabilities, and prevents nontransparent tax hikes. With the consistent application of inflation indexing, Maryland can position its individual income tax code to be more neutral, stable, and transparent for all taxpayers.