In an interview with Bloomberg Politics published yesterday, Presidential candidate Donald Trump made some good points about corporate income tax policy.
“What’s happening is companies are leaving our country and you’re reading about it,” Trump said in a Monday interview with Bloomberg Politics’ With All Due Respect. “You’re seeing Pfizer. They are leaving our country and thinking about massive numbers of companies are thinking about leaving to go out and get that money. Also to get a better taxA tax is a mandatory payment or charge collected by local, state, and national governments from individuals or businesses to cover the costs of general government services, goods, and activities. deal.”
Asked whether there was anything wrong with taking advantage of corporate inversions, Trump was steadfast in pointing the finger at U.S. tax policy.
“No. There is no way you can stop it really other than lowering the taxes because right now … it is prohibitive to bring that money in,” Trump said. “They’d have to pay so much, they’d have to be fools to bring it in.”
This is a very straightforward point with a lot of evidence behind it. The United States has the third highest corporate income taxA corporate income tax (CIT) is levied by federal and state governments on business profits. Many companies are not subject to the CIT because they are taxed as pass-through businesses, with income reportable under the individual income tax. rate in the world, as seen in this table below from our recent report on corporate rates around the world.
|
The Twenty Highest Top Marginal Corporate Tax Rates in the World |
||
|
Country |
Top Rate |
Region |
|
United Arab Emirates |
55.0% |
Asia |
|
Chad |
40.0% |
Africa |
|
Puerto Rico |
39.0% |
North America |
|
United States |
39.0% |
North America |
|
Argentina |
35.0% |
South America |
|
Congo, The Democratic Republic Of The |
35.0% |
Africa |
|
Equatorial Guinea |
35.0% |
Africa |
|
Malta |
35.0% |
Europe |
|
Sudan |
35.0% |
Africa |
|
Virgin Islands, U.S. |
35.0% |
North America |
|
Zambia |
35.0% |
Africa |
|
India |
34.6% |
Asia |
|
Sint Maarten |
34.5% |
North America |
|
Suriname |
34.5% |
South America |
|
France |
34.4% |
Europe |
|
Brazil |
34.0% |
South America |
|
Venezuela |
34.0% |
South America |
|
Belgium |
34.0% |
Europe |
|
Saint Lucia |
33.3% |
North America |
|
Cameroon |
33.0% |
Africa |
|
Worldwide Average |
22.9% |
N/A |
|
Worldwide Weighted Average (by GDP) |
29.8% |
N/A |
Furthermore, the U.S. has the rare “worldwide” form of corporate tax system, which taxes repatriated foreign income. As a result of these policies, corporations sometimes “leave the country” through mergers (as Pfizer is doing) or end up shifting their profits by realizing income in more favorable tax regimes.
If you think this is an important effect—as Donald Trump seems to—then you’re a believer in what economists call a “high semi-elasticity of income shifting.” Basically, if you lower your rate, multinationals with complicated books will realize more of their income in your country, rather than someone else’s.
My colleagues Gavin Ekins and Erik Cederwall have both done a review of the academic literature on this phenomenon. A study by Kimberly Clausing at Reed College finds a pretty high semi-elasticity, of the sort that Donald Trump might believe in. Conditional on that semi-elasticity being true (that is, if income shifting is really as large a phenomenon as the study’s results imply) then you can gain a larger corporate tax base (and more revenue) through reductions in the corporate tax rate, as seen in the graph below.
This graph, calculated by Gavin Ekins, shows that Mr. Trump’s proposed 15% corporate rate would produce some extra corporate revenues through profit shiftingProfit shifting is when multinational companies reduce their tax burden by moving the location of their profits from high-tax countries to low-tax jurisdictions and tax havens. , substantially mitigating the budgetary impact, if profit shifting is as high as the Clausing study suggests. (Under a more conservative estimate, the effect is still there, but it’s much smaller; such a graph is also supplied in the paper.)
Donald Trump has said a number of things about taxes. Some of them make sense, others of them less so. This is one of the things that make sense. Furthermore, it is generally consistent with themes of the Trump campaign, such as winning, international competition, and improving the level of American greatness at the margin.
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