-
Overall Rank
49
Down 1 place since 2026 -
39
Down 1 place since 2026 -
49
Up 1 place since 2026 -
47
No change since 2026 -
28
Down 3 places since 2026 -
Unemployment Insurance Tax Rank
24
Up 2 places since 2026
California ranks 49th overall on the 2027 State Tax Competitiveness Index.
Score 3.90 / 10
About California's Tax Code
California combines high tax rates with an uncompetitive tax structure, yielding one of the worst rankings on the Index. The state has a great deal going for it, with its mild climate, excellent research universities, and the ongoing agglomeration effects of Silicon Valley (which is seeing a resurgence with the rise of generative AI), but a tax code that is uncompetitive and threatens to get worse is increasingly driving jobs to other states.
The state’s top marginal individual income tax rate of 13.3 percent is compounded by a 1.3 percent uncapped payroll tax, bringing the all-in top rate to 14.6 percent. Additionally, nonresidents must file income taxes if they work even a single day in the state, and California is one of only four states to still impose an alternative minimum tax.
California is the only state to deny all net operating loss carryforwards; the state’s NOL provisions have been suspended on multiple occasions, most recently through the end of 2026, and are not currently in effect. It is also the only state to use the outmoded ACRS depreciation system rather than MACRS, and does not allow any accelerated first-year expensing. California has a throwback rule, exposing in-state businesses to additional corporate tax liability for certain out-of-state income that would not be taxed elsewhere. After years of conforming to the 2015 version of the federal tax code, California updated its conformity to the code as it existed on January 1, 2025 (with significant modifications). Even this conformity update was outdated from the start, predating changes adopted as part of 2025’s One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA). Delayed conformity adds to tax complexity. Favorably, however, the state does not incorporate the tax on net CFC tested income under the OBBBA, which does not belong in state tax codes but has been incorporated by some states.
Property taxes in California are constrained by Proposition 13 and subsequent enactments that cap growth in taxable assessed value. This keeps property taxes lower than they would be otherwise—especially for long-time incumbent owners—but at the cost of significant distortions to property markets.
Component Scores
#49 overall · 3.90 / 10Each component is scored from 0 to 10, where 10 is best. Select a component for its detail page.
| Component | Rank | Score | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Corporate Taxes | #39 | 4.63 / 10 | |
| Individual Income Taxes | #49 | 2.56 / 10 | |
| Sales Taxes | #47 | 3.64 / 10 | |
| Property Taxes | #28 | 4.99 / 10 | |
| Unemployment Insurance Taxes | #24 | 5.14 / 10 |
Ranking Changes, 2020–2027
#49 in 2027 · down 1 place from 2020California ranked 48th in 2020 and ranks 49th in 2027, a decline of 1 place. The axis is zoomed to the state's range. Ranks for 2020 through 2026 are backcast under the current methodology.
Show the Table
| Year | Overall | Corporate | Individual Income | Sales | Property | Unemployment Insurance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 48 (4.05) | 31 (5.03) | 50 (2.46) | 44 (3.73) | 13 (5.47) | 28 (4.94) |
| 2021 | 48 (4.02) | 31 (5.04) | 50 (2.36) | 44 (3.75) | 13 (5.53) | 29 (4.96) |
| 2022 | 48 (3.96) | 39 (4.73) | 50 (2.38) | 46 (3.70) | 13 (5.50) | 24 (5.21) |
| 2023 | 48 (3.94) | 36 (4.84) | 50 (2.37) | 47 (3.59) | 15 (5.35) | 21 (5.19) |
| 2024 | 48 (3.93) | 38 (4.83) | 49 (2.46) | 47 (3.60) | 18 (5.31) | 23 (5.11) |
| 2025 | 48 (3.91) | 38 (4.81) | 50 (2.42) | 47 (3.62) | 23 (5.17) | 26 (5.10) |
| 2026 | 48 (3.87) | 38 (4.78) | 50 (2.33) | 47 (3.64) | 25 (5.08) | 26 (5.13) |
| 2027 | 49 (3.90) | 39 (4.63) | 49 (2.56) | 47 (3.64) | 28 (4.99) | 24 (5.14) |
California Compared across the States
#49 overallEach row places the states on a 0 to 10 score scale for one measure. California is the large outlined dot, and the dashed line is the 50-state median, so a dot to its right scores better than the typical state. Hover over or tab to any dot for detail, and select it to open that state's profile.
Overall
#49 3.90
Corporate Taxes
#39 4.63
Individual Income Taxes
#49 2.56
Sales Taxes
#47 3.64
Property Taxes
#28 4.99
Unemployment Insurance Taxes
#24 5.14
- California
- Other states, by rank (1st to 50th)
- 50-state median
California and Its Neighbors
#49 overallCalifornia borders 3 states and ranks 49th overall; every one of them ranks higher.
What Each Component Includes
The five components of the Index, what each one covers, and where California lands. Open any component for the full breakdown.
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Corporate Taxes
Rank #39Includes corporate income taxes and gross receipts taxes. Measures the impact of each state’s principal tax on business activities.
Full Breakdown for California → -
Individual Income Taxes
Rank #49Covers the tax individuals pay on income, and with it a significant number of businesses — sole proprietorships, partnerships, and S corporations — that report their income through the individual income tax code.
Full Breakdown for California → -
Sales Taxes
Rank #47Covers the general sales tax levied on the purchase price of goods and services, plus excise taxes on gasoline, diesel, tobacco, vapor products, beer, and spirits, and taxes on digital advertising.
Full Breakdown for California → -
Property Taxes
Rank #28Includes taxes on real and personal property, net worth, and the transfer of assets — among them capital stock, estate, inheritance, and real estate transfer taxes.
Full Breakdown for California → -
Unemployment Insurance Taxes
Rank #24Covers the taxes employers pay into the state unemployment insurance program to finance benefits for workers recently unemployed.
Full Breakdown for California →
Tax Data Explorer
Every policy variable behind California's 2027 scores, grouped by the report's tables, as of July 1, 2026. Its bordering states are shown alongside to start. Search the variables and values, or add up to 4 states to compare side by side.
157 data points · Shaded values differ from California
Corporate Taxes: Corporate Income Tax Rates
| Variable | California | Arizona | Nevada | Oregon |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bracket 1 | 8.84% > $0 | 4.9% > $0 (differs) | None (differs) | 6.6% > $0 (differs) |
| Bracket 2 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 7.6% > $1,000,000 (differs) |
| Gross Receipts Tax | No | No | Yes (differs) | Yes (differs) |
| Gross Receipts Tax Minimum Rate | n.a. | n.a. | 0.051% (differs) | 0.57% (differs) |
| Gross Receipts Tax Maximum Rate | n.a. | n.a. | 0.331% (differs) | 0.57% (differs) |
| Gross Receipts Tax Rate Used in the Index | n.a. | n.a. | 0.111% (differs) | 0.57% (differs) |
Corporate Taxes: Tax Credits and Gross Receipts Deductions
| Variable | California | Arizona | Nevada | Oregon |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Job Credits | Yes | Yes | No (differs) | No (differs) |
| Research and Development Credits | Yes | Yes | No (differs) | Yes |
| Investment Credits | No | Yes (differs) | No | Yes (differs) |
| Compensation Expenses Deductible | n.a. | n.a. | No (differs) | No (differs) |
| Cost of Goods Sold Deductible | n.a. | n.a. | No (differs) | No (differs) |
Corporate Taxes: Net Operating Losses
| Variable | California | Arizona | Nevada | Oregon |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conforms to Federal NOL Treatment | No | No | n.a. (differs) | No |
| Carryback (Years) | 0 | 0 | n.a. (differs) | 0 |
| Carryback Cap | $0 | $0 | n.a. (differs) | $0 |
| Carryforward (Years) | 0 | 20 (differs) | n.a. (differs) | 15 (differs) |
| Carryforward Cap | $0 | Unlimited (differs) | n.a. (differs) | Unlimited (differs) |
Corporate Taxes: Treatment of Capital Investment
| Variable | California | Arizona | Nevada | Oregon |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Section 168(k) Expensing | 0% | 0% | 100% (differs) | 0% |
| Conforms to Section 163(j) Limitation | No | Yes (differs) | No | Yes (differs) |
| GILTI Inclusion | Decouples | Decouples | n.a. (differs) | 20% Inclusion (differs) |
| Section 174 Expensing | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Section 168(n) Expensing | No | No | Yes (differs) | Yes (differs) |
Corporate Taxes: Other Corporate Base Variables
| Variable | California | Arizona | Nevada | Oregon |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Federal Income Used as State Tax Base | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Conformity Status | Static (not current) | Static (current) (differs) | Rolling (differs) | Rolling (differs) |
| Allows Federal ACRS or MACRS Depreciation | No | Yes (differs) | Yes (differs) | Yes (differs) |
| Allows Federal Depletion | Partial | Yes (differs) | Yes (differs) | Partial |
| Throwback Rule | Yes | No (differs) | No (differs) | Yes |
| Foreign Tax Deductibility | No | No | Yes (differs) | No |
| Corporate AMT | Yes | No (differs) | No (differs) | No (differs) |
| Brackets Indexed for Inflation | Flat CIT | Flat CIT | GRT (differs) | No (differs) |
Individual Income Taxes: Individual Income Tax Rates
| Variable | California | Arizona | Nevada | Oregon |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bracket 1 | 1.0% > $0 | 2.5% > $0 (differs) | No Income Tax (differs) | 4.75% > $0 (differs) |
| Bracket 2 | 2.0% > $11,079 | n.a. (differs) | n.a. (differs) | 6.75% > $4,550 (differs) |
| Bracket 3 | 4.0% > $26,264 | n.a. (differs) | n.a. (differs) | 8.75% > $11,400 (differs) |
| Bracket 4 | 6.0% > $41,452 | n.a. (differs) | n.a. (differs) | 9.9% > $125,000 (differs) |
| Bracket 5 | 8.0% > $57,542 | n.a. (differs) | n.a. (differs) | n.a. (differs) |
| Bracket 6 | 9.3% > $72,724 | n.a. (differs) | n.a. (differs) | n.a. (differs) |
| Bracket 7 | 10.3% > $371,479 | n.a. (differs) | n.a. (differs) | n.a. (differs) |
| Bracket 8 | 11.3% > $445,771 | n.a. (differs) | n.a. (differs) | n.a. (differs) |
| Bracket 9 | 12.3% > $742,953 | n.a. (differs) | n.a. (differs) | n.a. (differs) |
| Bracket 10 | 13.3% > $1,000,000 | n.a. (differs) | n.a. (differs) | n.a. (differs) |
| Standard Deduction (Single Filer) | $5,706 | $8,350 (differs) | n.a. (differs) | $2,910 (differs) |
| Personal Exemption (Single Filer) | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| Personal Exemption Credit (Single Filer) | $153 | n.a. (differs) | n.a. (differs) | $256 (differs) |
| Personal Exemption per Dependent | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| Personal Exemption Credit per Dependent | $476 | $125 (differs) | n.a. (differs) | $256 (differs) |
| Average Local Income Tax Rate | None | None | None | 2.64% (differs) |
| Surtaxes on Wage Income | 1.3% | n.a. (differs) | n.a. (differs) | 0.1% (differs) |
Individual Income Taxes: Marriage Penalty, Capital Income, Indexation
| Variable | California | Arizona | Nevada | Oregon |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marriage Penalty | Yes | No (differs) | n.a. (differs) | No (differs) |
| Married Couples Can File Separately on One Return | No | No | n.a. (differs) | No |
| Convenience Rule | No | No | No | No |
| Interest Taxed | Yes | Yes | n.a. (differs) | Yes |
| Dividends Taxed | Yes | Yes | n.a. (differs) | Yes |
| Capital Gains Taxed | Yes | Yes | n.a. (differs) | Yes |
| Combined Capital Gains Tax Rate | 13.3% | 1.875% (differs) | n.a. (differs) | 9.9% (differs) |
| Tax Brackets Indexed for Inflation | Partial | Yes (differs) | n.a. (differs) | Partial |
| Standard Deduction Indexed for Inflation | Yes | Yes | n.a. (differs) | Yes |
| Personal Exemption Indexed for Inflation | Yes | Yes | n.a. (differs) | Yes |
| Progressivity Ratio | 2.22 | 1.00 (differs) | n.a. (differs) | 1.13 (differs) |
Individual Income Taxes: Other Individual Base Variables
| Variable | California | Arizona | Nevada | Oregon |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Federal Income Used as State Tax Base | Yes | Yes | n.a. (differs) | Yes |
| Conformity Status | Static (not current) | Static (not current) | n.a. (differs) | Rolling (differs) |
| Credits for Taxes Paid to Other States | Yes | Yes | n.a. (differs) | Yes |
| AMT Levied | Yes | No (differs) | n.a. (differs) | No (differs) |
| Recognition of S Corporation Status | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Section 179 Expensing Limit | $25,000 | $2,560,000 (differs) | $2,560,000 (differs) | $2,560,000 (differs) |
| Tips | Taxable | Exempt (differs) | n.a. (differs) | Exempt (differs) |
| Overtime | Taxable | Exempt (differs) | n.a. (differs) | Exempt (differs) |
| Filing and Withholding Threshold Index | 0.849 | 5 (differs) | 10 (differs) | 1.645 (differs) |
Individual Income Taxes: Other Individual Income Variables
| Variable | California | Arizona | Nevada | Oregon |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Income Recapture | No | No | n.a. (differs) | No |
Sales Taxes: Sales and Excise Tax Rates
| Variable | California | Arizona | Nevada | Oregon |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| State Sales Tax Rate | 7.25% | 5.60% (differs) | 6.85% (differs) | n.a. (differs) |
| Average Local Sales Tax Rate | 1.78% | 2.94% (differs) | 1.39% (differs) | 0.00% (differs) |
| Maximum Local Sales Tax Rate | 5.25% | 5.30% (differs) | 1.525% (differs) | None (differs) |
| Gasoline Tax (Cents per Gallon) | 73.64 | 19.00 (differs) | 24.81 (differs) | 40.00 (differs) |
| Diesel Tax (Cents per Gallon) | 92.94 | 19 (differs) | 27.75 (differs) | 40 (differs) |
| Cigarette Tax (Dollars per Pack of 20) | $2.87 | $2.00 (differs) | $1.80 (differs) | $3.33 (differs) |
| Beer Tax (Dollars per Gallon) | $0.20 | $0.16 (differs) | $0.16 (differs) | $0.0839 (differs) |
| Spirits Tax (Dollars per Gallon) | $3.30 | $3.00 (differs) | $3.60 (differs) | $23.74 (differs) |
| Vapor Tax Ratio to Cigarette Tax | 201.1118% | n.a. (differs) | 78.50% (differs) | 170.0833% (differs) |
Sales Taxes: Business-to-Business Exemptions
| Variable | California | Arizona | Nevada | Oregon |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Business Inputs | Some Taxable | Some Taxable | Some Taxable | n.a. (differs) |
| Farm Equipment | Partial | Exempt (differs) | Exempt (differs) | n.a. (differs) |
| Office Equipment | Taxable | Taxable | Taxable | n.a. (differs) |
| Manufacturing Machinery | Partial | Exempt (differs) | Taxable (differs) | n.a. (differs) |
| Manufacturing Raw Materials | Exempt | Exempt | Exempt | n.a. (differs) |
| Business Fuel and Utilities | Taxable | Exempt (differs) | Taxable | n.a. (differs) |
| Business Leases and Rentals | Taxable | Taxable | Taxable | n.a. (differs) |
| Information Services | Exempt | Exempt | Exempt | n.a. (differs) |
| Software as a Service (SaaS) | Exempt | Taxable (differs) | Exempt | n.a. (differs) |
| Platform as a Service (PaaS) | Exempt | Taxable (differs) | Exempt | n.a. (differs) |
| Digital B2B Products | Exempt | Exempt | Exempt | n.a. (differs) |
| Payroll Services | Exempt | Exempt | Exempt | n.a. (differs) |
| Data Center Purchases | Taxable | Taxable | Partial (differs) | n.a. (differs) |
| Digital Advertising Tax | No | No | No | No |
Sales Taxes: Consumer Goods and Services in the Base
| Variable | California | Arizona | Nevada | Oregon |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Groceries | Exempt | Exempt | Exempt | n.a. (differs) |
| Clothing | Taxable | Taxable | Taxable | n.a. (differs) |
| Prescription Medication | Exempt | Exempt | Exempt | n.a. (differs) |
| Nonprescription Medication | Taxable | Taxable | Taxable | n.a. (differs) |
| Gasoline | Alternate Rate | Exempt (differs) | Exempt (differs) | n.a. (differs) |
| Landscaping | Exempt | Taxable (differs) | Exempt | n.a. (differs) |
| Repair Services | Exempt | Exempt | Exempt | n.a. (differs) |
| Real Estate Services | Exempt | Exempt | Exempt | n.a. (differs) |
| Parking | Exempt | Taxable (differs) | Exempt | n.a. (differs) |
| Dry Cleaning | Exempt | Exempt | Exempt | n.a. (differs) |
| Fitness Services | Exempt | Taxable (differs) | Exempt | n.a. (differs) |
| Barber Services | Exempt | Exempt | Exempt | n.a. (differs) |
| Veterinary Services | Exempt | Exempt | Exempt | n.a. (differs) |
| E-Books | Exempt | Taxable (differs) | Exempt | n.a. (differs) |
| Streaming Video | Exempt | Taxable (differs) | Exempt | n.a. (differs) |
| Medical Services | Exempt | Exempt | Exempt | n.a. (differs) |
| Legal Services | Exempt | Exempt | Exempt | n.a. (differs) |
| Financial Services | Exempt | Exempt | Exempt | n.a. (differs) |
| Accounting Services | Exempt | Exempt | Exempt | n.a. (differs) |
| Sales Tax Holiday | No | No | Yes (differs) | n.a. (differs) |
Sales Taxes: Sales Tax Structure
| Variable | California | Arizona | Nevada | Oregon |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uniform Base Definitions | Yes | No (differs) | Yes | n.a. (differs) |
| Unified Tax Administration | Yes | Yes | Yes | n.a. (differs) |
| Safe Harbor for Remote Sellers | Gross Sales Threshold | Gross Sales Threshold | Sales or Transactions Threshold (differs) | n.a. (differs) |
Property Taxes: Property and Capital Stock Tax Rates
| Variable | California | Arizona | Nevada | Oregon |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Property Tax Collections per Capita | $2,492 | $1,269 (differs) | $1,582 (differs) | $2,108 (differs) |
| Property Tax as a Percentage of Personal Income | 2.88% | 1.92% (differs) | 2.26% (differs) | 2.97% (differs) |
| Assessment Limit | Yes | Yes | No (differs) | Yes |
| Levy Limit | No | Yes (differs) | Yes (differs) | No |
| Capital Stock Tax Rate | None | None | None | None |
| Capital Stock Tax Maximum Payment | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| Payment Options for Capital Stock and Corporate Income Taxes | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
Property Taxes: Property Tax Bases
| Variable | California | Arizona | Nevada | Oregon |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tangible Personal Property Tax | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Tangible Personal Property De Minimis Exemption | None | $500,000 (differs) | None | None |
| Intangible Property Tax | No | No | No | No |
| Inventory Tax | No | No | No | No |
| Real Estate Transfer Tax | Yes | No (differs) | Yes | No (differs) |
| Split Roll | No | Yes (differs) | No | No |
| Split Roll Ratio | 1.00 | 1.55 (differs) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Estate Tax | No | No | No | 16% (differs) |
| Inheritance Tax | No | No | No | No |
| Gift Tax | No | No | No | No |
Unemployment Insurance Taxes: UI Tax Rates
| Variable | California | Arizona | Nevada | Oregon |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum Rate | 1.60% | 0.03% (differs) | 0.30% (differs) | 0.90% (differs) |
| Maximum Rate | 6.20% | 8.36% (differs) | 5.40% (differs) | 5.40% (differs) |
| Taxable Wage Base | $7,000 | $8,000 (differs) | $43,700 (differs) | $56,700 (differs) |
| Most Favorable Schedule: Minimum Rate | 0.10% | 0.02% (differs) | 0.25% (differs) | 0.50% (differs) |
| Most Favorable Schedule: Maximum Rate | 5.40% | 5.40% | 5.40% | 5.40% |
| Least Favorable Schedule: Minimum Rate | 1.50% | 0.02% (differs) | 0.25% (differs) | 2.20% (differs) |
| Least Favorable Schedule: Maximum Rate | 6.20% | 5.40% (differs) | 5.40% (differs) | 5.40% (differs) |
| Employer Contributions as a Share of Total Wages | 0.33% | 0.20% (differs) | 0.97% (differs) | 1.19% (differs) |
| Employer Contributions as a Share of Taxable Wages | 3.22% | 1.25% (differs) | 1.70% (differs) | 1.95% (differs) |
| Trust Fund Solvency Ratio | 0 | 0.9 (differs) | 0.83 (differs) | 2.46 (differs) |
| New Employer Rate | 3.40% | 2.00% (differs) | 2.95% (differs) | 2.40% (differs) |
Unemployment Insurance Taxes: Experience Formulas and Charging Methods
| Variable | California | Arizona | Nevada | Oregon |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experience Formula Based On | Reserve Ratio | Reserve Ratio | Reserve Ratio | Benefits Ratio (differs) |
| Benefits Charged in Proportion to Base-Period Wages | Yes | Yes | No (most recent or principal employer) (differs) | Yes |
| Charged If Employee's Benefit Award Is Reversed | No | No | Yes (differs) | No |
| Charged for Reimbursements on Combined Wage Claims | Yes | No (differs) | No (differs) | No (differs) |
| Charged If Employee Left Voluntarily | No | No | No | No |
| Charged If Employee Was Discharged for Misconduct | No | No | No | No |
| Charged If Employee Refused Suitable Work | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Charged If Employee Continues to Work Part-Time | No | No | Yes (differs) | No |
Unemployment Insurance Taxes: Other UI Base Variables
| Variable | California | Arizona | Nevada | Oregon |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solvency Tax | Yes | No (differs) | No (differs) | No (differs) |
| Taxes for Socialized Costs or Negative Balance Employers | No | No | No | No |
| Loan and Interest Repayment Surtaxes | No | Yes (differs) | Yes (differs) | Yes (differs) |
| Reserve Taxes | No | No | No | No |
| Surtaxes for UI Administration or Non-UI Purposes | Yes | No (differs) | Yes | Yes |
| Temporary Disability Insurance | Yes | No (differs) | No (differs) | No (differs) |
| Voluntary Contributions | Yes | Yes | No (differs) | No (differs) |
| Years to Qualify for Experience Rating | 3 | 2 (differs) | 3 | 1 (differs) |
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About the Authors
Janelle Fritts is a Senior Policy Analyst with the Tax Foundation’s Center for State Tax Policy. She is the lead researcher on the annual State Tax Competitiveness Index and serves as a resource to policymakers in their efforts to modernize and improve the structures of their state tax codes. Her work has been cited in The New York Times, the Associated Press, Bloomberg, and numerous state media outlets across the country.
Jared Walczak is a Senior Fellow at the Tax Foundation, where he spent five years as Vice President of State Projects, and president of Walczak Policy Consulting.
Nicole Fox is a Policy Analyst with the Center for State Tax Policy at the Tax Foundation, where she serves as a resource to policymakers in their efforts to modernize and improve the structure of their state tax codes.
Katherine Loughead is the Vice President of State Tax Policy at the Tax Foundation, where she oversees the state tax policy team’s research agenda and serves as a resource to policymakers in their efforts to modernize and improve the structure of their state tax codes.
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