As policymakers weigh whether to lift or repeal the $10,000 cap on state and local tax (SALT) deductions enacted by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), they have to wrestle with how that change would primarily benefit high-earning taxpayers. As some have pointed out, other TCJA changes may further increase the benefits of an uncapped SALT deduction for the top five percent of filers. Our analysis illustrates how restoring the SALT deduction now would be more regressive than under prior law, strengthening the case for keeping the cap in place.
Prior to the TCJA, the SALT deduction was subject to several limits, including the individual alternative minimum tax (AMT) and the Pease limitation.
Originally established in 1969, the individual AMT is a separate taxA tax is a mandatory payment or charge collected by local, state, and national governments from individuals or businesses to cover the costs of general government services, goods, and activities. system with different rates and a higher exemption amount, but fewer tax preferences than the ordinary income tax system. Taxpayers subject to the AMT must calculate their income liability under both the ordinary tax system and the AMT, and then pay whichever results in the greater liability. Most notable for our purposes is that the AMT disallows the SALT deduction.
The second limit on SALT deductions prior to the TCJA was the Pease limitation. The Pease limitation phased out the value of itemized deductions for high-income taxpayers by 3 percent for every dollar of taxable income above a threshold, which was set at $313,800 for joint filers in 2017. The Pease limitation could cap up to 80 percent of a filer’s itemized deductions, including the value of the SALT deduction.
The Pease limitation could limit the value of the state and local tax deductionA tax deduction is a provision that reduces taxable income. A standard deduction is a single deduction at a fixed amount. Itemized deductions are popular among higher-income taxpayers who often have significant deductible expenses, such as state and local taxes paid, mortgage interest, and charitable contributions. , while a taxpayer subject to the AMT would lose it outright. Even though the AMT disallows SALT, AMT taxpayers still benefited from the SALT deduction under the regular code because without it, they would owe a higher tax liability under the ordinary income tax.
The TCJA paired back the AMT, reducing the number of taxpayers subject to it from about 5 million in 2017 to 200,000 in 2018. The TCJA also repealed the Pease limitation for tax years 2018 through 2025. Finally, the TCJA also put a new limit of a $10,000 cap on SALT deductions, reducing its value for many taxpayers.
If Congress decides to repeal the SALT deduction cap now, the AMT and Pease limitation changes become more important. One way to show how the Pease and AMT changes increase the benefits of uncapping the SALT deduction is to compare uncapping the SALT deduction under current law to uncapping it with the prior law AMT and Pease limitation in place.
In 2022, repealing the SALT cap under current law would provide a 2.8 percent increase in after-tax income for the top 1 percent and a 1.2 percent increase for the 95th to 99th percentiles (see table below).
Combining SALT cap repeal with reinstatement of the Pease limitation and the prior-law AMT substantially reduces those benefits for high earners, resulting in a 0.8 percent increase in after-tax incomeAfter-tax income is the net amount of income available to invest, save, or consume after federal, state, and withholding taxes have been applied—your disposable income. Companies and, to a lesser extent, individuals, make economic decisions in light of how they can best maximize their earnings. for the top 1 percent and 1 percent decrease for the 95th to 99th percentiles.
The prior-law AMT affected households earning between $200,000 and $500,000 the most, many of whom occupy the top 5 percent of the income distribution. More than 70 percent of taxpayers subject to the AMT earned between $200,000 and $500,000 in 2016.
Filers below the 90th percentile experience nearly no change because they are less likely to be subject to the AMT and the Pease limitation and are less likely to itemize their deductions.
| Income Quintile | Repeal $10K SALT Cap | Repeal $10K SALT Cap and Impose AMT as under Pre-2018 Law | Repeal $10K SALT Cap and Impose Pease Limitation as under Pre-2018 Law | Repeal $10K SALT Cap, and Impose AMT and Pease Limitation as under pre-2018 law |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0% to 20% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| 20% to 40% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| 40% to 60% | Less than +0.05% | Less than +0.05% | Less than +0.05% | Less than +0.05% |
| 60% to 80% | Less than +0.05% | Less than +0.05% | Less than +0.05% | Less than +0.05% |
| 80% to 100% | +1.2% | +0.3% | +0.9% | +0.1% |
| 80% to 90% | +0.2% | +0.2% | +0.2% | +0.2% |
| 90% to 95% | +0.5% | +0.3% | +0.4% | +0.3% |
| 95% to 99% | +1.2% | -0.9% | +1.1% | -1.0% |
| 99% to 100% | +2.8% | +1.6% | +1.9% | +0.8% |
| TOTAL | +0.7% | +0.2% | +0.5% | Less than +0.05% |
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Source: Tax Foundation General Equilibrium Model, September 2021. |
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If the SALT deduction cap is repealed and the prior-law AMT restored, households earning over $1 million would be the biggest beneficiaries. Those earning between $250,000 and $1 million would experience a decrease in after-tax incomes, because the prior-law AMT would more than offset the added benefit of a higher SALT deduction, on average.
About 71 percent of households earning between $250,000 and $500,000 would experience a tax increase, while 88 percent of those earning over $1 million would receive a tax cut.
| Income Level | Percent Change in After-Tax Income, 2022 | Portion of Filers with a Tax Increase, 2022 | Portion of Filers with a Tax Decrease, 2022 |
|---|---|---|---|
| $0 to $5,000 | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| $5,000 to $10,000 | 0% | 0% | 0% |
| $10,000 to $20,000 | 0% | 0% | 0.1% |
| $20,000 to $30,000 | 0% | 0% | 0.2% |
| $30,000 to $40,000 | 0% | 0% | 0.3% |
| $40,000 to $50,000 | Less than +0.05% | 0% | 0.7% |
| $50,000 to $75,000 | Less than +0.05% | 0.1% | 2.2% |
| $75,000 to $100,000 | Less than +0.05% | 0.3% | 7.7% |
| $100,000 to $150,000 | +0.2% | 0.9% | 25.2% |
| $150,000 to $200,000 | +0.3% | 5.0% | 49.4% |
| $200,000 to $250,000 | +0.2% | 23.9% | 51.7% |
| $250,000 to $500,000 | -1.7% | 71.1% | 18.7% |
| $500,000 to $1,000,000 | -0.1% | 53.5% | 37.9% |
| $1 million and up | +2.8% | 1.4% | 88.3% |
| TOTAL | +0.2% | 2.2% | 6.4% |
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Source: Tax Foundation General Equilibrium Model, November 2021 |
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