Leading up to taxA tax is a mandatory payment or charge collected by local, state, and national governments from individuals or businesses to cover the costs of general government services, goods, and activities. day there are a lot of news outlets who are releasing reports on different aspects of the U.S. tax code. A lot of them are very informative and worthwhile. However, a report on Tuesday from ABC News’ “The Big Number” gets a lot of details about the tax code wrong.
The report stated that 54 of the largest businesses in the United States have conducted some sort of legal maneuver to reduce their taxes. In the video they go over a couple of ways in which this is done. However, they make many errors leading people to believe that companies that change their legal status, whether through an inversion to a foreign country or conversion to a pass-through businessA pass-through business is a sole proprietorship, partnership, or S corporation that is not subject to the corporate income tax; instead, this business reports its income on the individual income tax returns of the owners and is taxed at individual income tax rates. , are able to avoid essentially any and all taxes on their profits. This is very misleading.
Inversions
The first issue the report tackles is the ability for a company to invert. An inversion is a transaction by which a U.S. corporation buys a foreign corporation (or the other way around) and the U.S. corporation legally relocates to the country in which the foreign corporation is domiciled. All other aspects of the U.S. corporation remains the same.
They are correct that there are tax benefits to this. The biggest one is that the United States currently has a worldwide corporate tax system. This means that U.S. corporations need to pay U.S. tax on their income, whether it is earned in the United States, or abroad. In contrast, almost every other developed nation has what is called a territorial tax systemA territorial tax system for corporations, as opposed to a worldwide tax system, excludes profits multinational companies earn in foreign countries from their domestic tax base. As part of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), the United States shifted from worldwide taxation towards territorial taxation. . A territorial tax system exempts foreign earnings of domestic corporations from domestic taxation.
So when a U.S. corporation inverts, it is moving its headquarters outside of the United States. As a result, it no longer needs to pay U.S. tax on its foreign income. All the income it earns in the United States is still taxed by the U.S. government.
This is far different than what the report implies, which is that an inversion allows a U.S. corporation to completely escape from U.S. taxation.
Given that context, it then makes sense that the total cost of inversions to the U.S. treasury is so small. If inversions allowed C corporations to completely escape taxation, we would see a much larger revenue effect than 0.4 percent of total tax collections over ten years.
REITS and other Pass-through Businesses
The next issue that the report covered was the ability that businesses have to reincorporate as Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITS) or other types of pass-through businesses. They state that these business forms are exempt from taxation.
This is an extremely misleading statement. In the United States there are two tax codes for businesses. There is the traditional C corporation tax code and the individual income taxAn individual income tax (or personal income tax) is levied on the wages, salaries, investments, or other forms of income an individual or household earns. The U.S. imposes a progressive income tax where rates increase with income. The Federal Income Tax was established in 1913 with the ratification of the 16th Amendment. Though barely 100 years old, individual income taxes are the largest source of tax revenue in the U.S. code. Non-C corporate businesses (LLCs, S CorporationAn S corporation is a business entity which elects to pass business income and losses through to its shareholders. The shareholders are then responsible for paying individual income taxes on this income. Unlike subchapter C corporations, an S corporation (S corp) is not subject to the corporate income tax (CIT). s, and Sole Proprietorships) pay taxes through the individual income tax code. When these businesses earn income, they pass their earnings through the business directly to their owners who pay income taxes on that income.
So when a C corporation reorganizes as one of these pass-through businesses, they are moving out of the C corporate tax code and into the individual income tax code. They are still paying taxes. In fact, the tax burden on pass-through businesses can be significant. In the United States, the average top marginal tax rateThe marginal tax rate is the amount of additional tax paid for every additional dollar earned as income. The average tax rate is the total tax paid divided by total income earned. A 10 percent marginal tax rate means that 10 cents of every next dollar earned would be taken as tax. on pass-through businesses is 47.2 percent. This is a far higher tax rate than zero.
However, C corporations can realize a tax savings if they reorganize as a pass-through. Specifically, they no longer face the second layer of tax that is part of the C corporate tax code: the dividend and capital gains income tax. When it is all said and done, a business is able to reduce is total tax bill on its investment by 10 percentage points.
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Total Tax Burden on Business Income, C Corporation vs. Pass-through Business |
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Traditional C corporation |
Pass-through business |
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Entity-Level Tax |
39.1% |
0.0% |
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Individual-Level Tax |
28.6% |
47.2% |
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Total Tax Rate |
56.5% |
47.2% |
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Note: Assumes C corporation distributes dividends. Pass-through business is a partnership. |
However, this tax incentive to reorganize into a pass-through may not be the best deal. Pass-through businesses are at a disadvantage compared to C corporations in terms of the ease of doing business overseas and raising public funds. The tax driven shift away from C corporations may cause inefficiency in the economy, reducing investment, productivity, and wage growth.
To read more on inversions (here and here) and pass-through businesses (here) click the links.
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