After weeks of closed-door deliberations between legislative leaders in Kentucky’s House and Senate, lawmakers on March 29 unveiled and quickly adopted a committee substitute to House Bill 8, which passed both chambers with a veto-proof supermajority that same day. The amended legislation uses taxA tax is a mandatory payment or charge collected by local, state, and national governments from individuals or businesses to cover the costs of general government services, goods, and activities. triggers to reduce Kentucky’s individual income taxAn individual income tax (or personal income tax) is levied on the wages, salaries, investments, or other forms of income an individual or household earns. The U.S. imposes a progressive income tax where rates increase with income. The Federal Income Tax was established in 1913 with the ratification of the 16th Amendment. Though barely 100 years old, individual income taxes are the largest source of tax revenue in the U.S. rate, with the possibility of eventually phasing out the tax over many years using future revenue growth. The bill also broadens the sales tax base and imposes new taxes and fees on electric and hybrid vehicles.
Some of the tax changes in the bill are more structurally sound than others, but, as a whole, these changes move Kentucky’s tax code in the right direction. In particular, dialing down the individual income tax rate will promote economic competitiveness and growth, setting the stage for additional pro-growth reforms in the near future.
The bill specifies that a 0.5 percent point reduction to the individual income tax will be triggered under two conditions. The first condition is that the balance in the Budget Reserve Trust Fund (BRTF), Kentucky’s rainy day fund, amounts to at least 10 percent of certain General Fund (GF) receipts at the end of a fiscal year. The second condition is that the GF receipts at the end of a fiscal year exceed GF appropriations by at least the amount that would be needed to reduce the individual income tax rate by a full percentage point. If these conditions are met for FY 2021, Kentucky’s flat individual income tax rate of 5 percent will automatically be reduced to 4.5 percent starting January 1, 2023. If these conditions are met again in FY 2022, this would be certified as sufficient to bring the individual income tax rate to 4 percent in 2024, though this further reduction is contingent upon reaffirmation by the General Assembly.
Within these parameters, individual income tax rate reductions in both 2023 and 2024 are highly likely. Kentucky ended FY 2021 with a $1.1 billion surplus that raised the BRTF balance to nearly $1.9 billion, or more than 16 percent of GF spending. Furthermore, the most recent revenue forecasts for FY 2022 project Kentucky will end the current fiscal year with $1.9 billion more revenue than was planned for when the FY 2022 budget was enacted. At the end of March, legislators passed a biennial budget for FYs 2023 and 2024 that leaves approximately $1 billion unappropriated to accomplish these tax cuts.
While the bill text is written such that a reduction in 2023, if triggered, would occur automatically, any reduction triggered in future years would require a “future action by the General Assembly” before taking effect. While contingency clauses requiring future legislative action are not typically seen in tax trigger statutes—as the purpose of triggers is to automatically induce tax changes if or when certain conditions are met—this language does provide yet another safeguard to ensure triggered tax cuts occur only when the legislature agrees they are fiscally prudent.
A flat individual income tax rate of 4 percent would make Kentucky’s income tax substantially more competitive, especially given that Kentucky is surrounded by several low- or no-income tax states. Currently, among all the states levying an individual income tax, only neighboring Ohio and Indiana, in addition to Pennsylvania and North Dakota, boast a rate below 4 percent.
On the sales taxA sales tax is levied on retail sales of goods and services and, ideally, should apply to all final consumption with few exemptions. Many governments exempt goods like groceries; base broadening, such as including groceries, could keep rates lower. A sales tax should exempt business-to-business transactions which, when taxed, cause tax pyramiding. front, the bill broadens the sales tax to additional services to offset a small fraction of the planned income tax cuts. Consumer services newly taxed under the bill include personal fitness, massage, athletic instruction, cosmetic surgery, parking, auto clubs, household moving, and additional event admissions and labor services. Taxing consumer services modernizes the sales tax and generates new revenue in a structurally sound way, all while injecting progressivity into the sales tax, since services tend to be purchased more frequently by middle- to higher-income consumers. However, the bill’s expansion of the sales tax to various business inputs—most notably marketing, telemarketing, lobbying, and website-related services—is inadvisable, as this further exacerbates the tax pyramidingTax pyramiding occurs when the same final good or service is taxed multiple times along the production process. This yields vastly different effective tax rates depending on the length of the supply chain and disproportionately harms low-margin firms. Gross receipts taxes are a prime example of tax pyramiding in action. that is already occurring with the taxation of other business-to-business transactions in Kentucky.
As discussed in prior analyses, sales tax pyramiding occurs when one sales tax is levied on top of another. When businesses pay sales taxes on the goods and services they buy, those tax burdens frequently get passed along to consumers in the form of higher prices of goods and services sold at retail. Then, when an ad valorem sales tax is appropriately levied on the price of the final good or service sold at retail, the final consumer ends up paying more in sales taxes as a result, and in a nontransparent manner.
Some of the services newly taxed under the bill—such as social event planning and the rental of event spaces—are consumed by individuals and businesses alike. In these cases, the most efficient way to avoid taxing business-to-business purchases is to include the service in the sales tax baseThe tax base is the total amount of income, property, assets, consumption, transactions, or other economic activity subject to taxation by a tax authority. A narrow tax base is non-neutral and inefficient. A broad tax base reduces tax administration costs and allows more revenue to be raised at lower rates. but allow businesses to present sales tax exemption certificates to receive an exemption when making an otherwise taxable purchase. This is a policy change that Kentucky lawmakers ought to consider in the future.
While a fiscal note for the final legislation is not yet publicly available, the income tax reductions planned under this bill can be expected to reduce taxes by a much larger amount than will be newly generated through sales tax expansion, with cuts largely funded by overall revenue growth. However, some businesses will see a net tax increase due to the taxation of additional business inputs, especially since the bill triggers reductions to only the individual income tax, not the corporate income tax.
In addition to the income and sales tax changes, the bill includes several excise tax changes. Notably, the bill seeks to bring uniformity to the taxation of all vehicle rental services—including ride sharing, peer-to-peer car sharing, taxicabs, limousine services, and traditional car rentals—by taxing these services at a rate of 6 percent (matching the sales tax rate). This is functionally quite similar to including these services in the sales tax base, as is appropriate, although the administration of this excise taxAn excise tax is a tax imposed on a specific good or activity. Excise taxes are commonly levied on cigarettes, alcoholic beverages, soda, gasoline, insurance premiums, amusement activities, and betting, and typically make up a relatively small and volatile portion of state and local and, to a lesser extent, federal tax collections. may differ slightly. Additionally, HB 8 creates a new tax on energy distributed through electric vehicle charging stations and new registration fees for electric and hybrid vehicles.
Taken as a whole, this package of reforms continues the modernization of Kentucky’s tax code, building on the state’s 2018 reforms. If Kentucky’s individual income tax rate were 4 percent and the sales and excise tax changes were fully phased in today, Kentucky would rank 16th overall on our State Business Tax Climate Index, up from 18th today.
While a substantially lower individual income tax rate will help Kentucky compete regionally and nationally, other areas of its tax code—highlighted in our recent Kentucky tax reform options guide—remain in critical need of reform. Moving forward, policymakers should prioritize repealing the limited liability entity tax (LLET), as well as reducing the corporate income taxA corporate income tax (CIT) is levied by federal and state governments on business profits. Many companies are not subject to the CIT because they are taxed as pass-through businesses, with income reportable under the individual income tax. rate. On the local tax front, policymakers should work to phase out all local income taxes, including occupational license and net profit taxes. This can be done by allowing a local option sales tax to replace the revenue currently generated through local income taxes. Repealing local inventory and inheritance taxes should also be a priority.
Notably, some progress could still be made on local tax reform this year when the legislature reconvenes for two days next week. Two bills addressing local taxing authority, HB 475 and 476, have passed the House and await consideration in the Senate. If passed by the Senate with a 60 percent supermajority, HB 475 would not need to be approved by the governor, as it proposes a constitutional amendment that would instead need to be approved by voters. Specifically, this legislation asks voters to amend the constitution to allow the General Assembly to authorize a local sales tax administered by the state with a base that matches the state sales tax base. HB 476, meanwhile, specifies that if the constitutional amendment is adopted, local taxing authority will only extend as far as is authorized by the General Assembly through state statute, and that local sales taxes will not yet be authorized by the legislature. This will give the legislature additional time to consider ways to trade off local sales and income taxes.
Separate from the changes included in HB 8, the General Assembly made progress toward a better UI tax structure with HB 4, which was enacted in March over a gubernatorial veto. Among other changes to Kentucky’s unemployment compensation (UC) system, this law allows new employers to qualify for a lower UI tax experience rating—known in Kentucky as the contribution rate—after one year instead of three, a proposal we recommended.
All in all, Kentucky is making commendable progress toward a more modern and competitive tax code, but more work on comprehensive tax reform should be prioritized next session.