Fiscal Fact No. 49
Despite recent attempts by real estate, home building, and mortgage-lending organizations to portray the home mortgage interest deductionThe mortgage interest deduction is an itemized deduction for interest paid on home mortgages. It reduces households’ taxable incomes and, consequently, their total taxes paid. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) reduced the amount of principal and limited the types of loans that qualify for the deduction. as vital to middle-income family budgets, an analysis of data from the Internal Revenue Service tells a different story.
The most recent IRS data show few low- and middle-income taxA tax is a mandatory payment or charge collected by local, state, and national governments from individuals or businesses to cover the costs of general government services, goods, and activities. payers benefit from the home mortgage interest deduction. Those who filed tax returns with under $30,000 in adjusted gross incomeFor individuals, gross income is the total pre-tax earnings from wages, tips, investments, interest, and other forms of income and is also referred to as “gross pay.” For businesses, gross income is total revenue minus cost of goods sold and is also known as “gross profit” or “gross margin.” (AGI) in 2003 received just 9 percent of deductions for home mortgage interest, despite filing 52 percent of all tax returns. (The median taxpayer’s AGI was approximately $29,000 in 2003.) In contrast, 36 percent of home mortgage interest deductions were claimed by taxpayers with AGIs over $100,000.1
Table 1 illustrates the regressive nature of the home mortgage interest deduction. Those in lower income groups claim few deductions, while those earning over $75,000 in AGI claim the vast majority.
Table 1. Home Mortgage Interest Deduction Disproportionately Benefits Upper-Income Taxpayers, 2003
|
Adjusted Gross Income |
Percent of Home Mortgage Interest Deduction Claimed |
Percent of All Tax Returns in Income Group |
Average Mortgage Interest Deduction Per Return |
Percentage of Returns Claiming Mortgage Interest Deduction |
|
Under $20,000 |
4.2% |
37.8% |
$278 |
4.0% |
|
$20,000 – $29,999 |
5.1% |
14.1% |
$910 |
13.1% |
|
$30,000 – $39,999 |
7.2% |
10.7% |
$1,674 |
24.2% |
|
$40,000 – $49,999 |
7.9% |
8.0% |
$2,462 |
35.2% |
|
$50,000 – $74,999 |
21.7% |
13.3% |
$4,068 |
50.9% |
|
$75,000 – $99,999 |
18.2% |
7.3% |
$6,210 |
69.0% |
|
$100,000 – $199,999 |
24.4% |
6.8% |
$8,928 |
78.9% |
|
$200,000 and over |
11.2% |
1.9% |
$14,374 |
75.7% |
Source: Internal Revenue Service, Tax Foundation calculations.
Factors Affecting the Distribution
There are four key factors causing the home mortgage interest deduction to be more valuable for high-income earners than low-income earners.
First, to claim the mortgage interest deduction, taxpayers must itemize when filing federal tax returns, rather than taking the standard deductionThe standard deduction reduces a taxpayer’s taxable income by a set amount determined by the government. It was nearly doubled for all classes of filers by the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) as an incentive for taxpayers not to itemize deductions when filing their federal income taxes. . Because of the progressive nature of the federal income tax, the value of itemized deductions rises as income rises. Those facing the highest marginal tax rates—high-income taxpayers—receive a much more powerful tax benefit from tax deductionA tax deduction is a provision that reduces taxable income. A standard deduction is a single deduction at a fixed amount. Itemized deductions are popular among higher-income taxpayers who often have significant deductible expenses, such as state and local taxes paid, mortgage interest, and charitable contributions. s than low-income taxpayers receive. As a result, low-income taxpayers are less likely to itemize, placing the benefits of the home mortgage interest deduction out of reach. This factor is enhanced by the gradual elimination of the phase-out on itemized deductionItemized deductions allow individuals to subtract designated expenses from their taxable income and can be claimed in lieu of the standard deduction. Itemized deductions include those for state and local taxes, charitable contributions, and mortgage interest. An estimated 13.7 percent of filers itemized in 2019, most being high-income taxpayers. s—known as the “Pease provision”—that currently limits the amount of itemized deductions high-income individuals can claim.
Second, low-income taxpayers tend not to own homes, especially those who are younger and live in urban areas. Additionally, many low-income retirees tend to have less interest outstanding on home loans—i.e., their home mortgages are “paid off”—and rely primarily on Social Security income which is not included in AGI. This reduces the tax benefit of the home mortgage interest deduction to them.
Third, high-income earners tend to have more valuable homes. In general the greater the home value, the greater the interest payment on the associated mortgage. As a result, the President’s Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform has criticized the home mortgage interest deduction for primarily encouraging the construction of larger homes, and not necessarily broadening home ownership among middle-income Americans.2
Finally, speculators in real estate markets—those looking to hold a specific piece of real estate for a small period of time—tend to both earn high incomes and prefer interest-only mortgages. Both of these characteristics lead them to claim a disproportionate share of the tax benefits of the home mortgage interest deduction.
Despite the claims of various industry groups that the home mortgage interest deduction is an important factor promoting broad-based home ownership, IRS data show the bulk of mortgage interest deductions are claimed by a relatively small fraction of Americans with incomes well above average. As a result, it is likely that the deduction primarily encourages larger and more expensive homes among a relatively small share of taxpayers, rather than promoting broad-based home ownership among ordinary Americans.
Footnotes
1. Adjusted gross income (AGI) may appear lower than other estimates of median income because it excludes many sources of income for everyone. For example, personal income as defined by the Bureau of Economic Analysis was approximately 45 percent higher than AGI in 2003. This distinction, however, has little impact on the distributional analysis here.
2. President’s Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform, “Simple, Fair, and Pro-Growth: Proposals to Fix America’s Tax System” (November 2005).
Additional Resources
Some Facts About the Mortgage Interest Deduction
The Case Against the Home Mortgage Interest Deduction
Ending the Mortgage Interest Deduction?
Republicans Defend Home Mortgage Interest Subsidy
Beating Back the Home Mortgage Interest Deduction
The Battle of the Home Mortgage Interest Deduction
Trophy-House Mortgage Interest Deduction
Home Mortgage Interest Deduction Forever?