The TaxA tax is a mandatory payment or charge collected by local, state, and national governments from individuals or businesses to cover the costs of general government services, goods, and activities. Foundation appreciates the opportunity to provide public input on the report being prepared in connection to the resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 December 2022 on the “Promotion of inclusive and effective tax cooperation at the United Nations.”[1]
We want to point out four key aspects of cross-border tax policy that policymakers should consider.
First, sound tax policy, as we see it, should be based on the principles of simplicity, stability, transparency, and neutrality.
Successful international tax coordination requires shared principles and a shared vision of outcomes. One failure of the tax coordination process at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) during its two-pillar approach has been the lack of consistent economic and policy principles. One academic frequently remarks that the OECD project works on Marxist principles, just not Karl Marx’s. It was Groucho Marx who said, “those are my principles, and, if you don’t like them, I have others.”[2]
Inconsistency of principles is not a sound approach.
Second, tax cooperation efforts should recognize the importance of maintaining open lanes for cross-border trade and investment, especially given the frailty of cross-border supply chains witnessed in recent years.
Tax policy decisions can either enhance or suppress economic growth created by cross-border investment. As the 2022 World Investment Report clearly identifies, the outlook for global foreign direct investment (FDI)Foreign direct investment (FDI) is when an investor becomes a significant or lasting investor in a business or corporation in a foreign country, which can be a boost to the global economy. Foreign direct investment is an active form of cross-border investment where the investor has at least a 10 percent stake in the company. is weak.[3] Additionally, the report analyzed the potential impact of the global minimum tax rules on FDI and found, “a potential downward effect on global FDI at about -2 percent.”[4]
In fact, corporate income taxA corporate income tax (CIT) is levied by federal and state governments on business profits. Many companies are not subject to the CIT because they are taxed as pass-through businesses, with income reportable under the individual income tax. is particularly distortive because business investments are mobile across borders, especially in the long term.[5] The harms of corporate taxation can be mitigated by ensuring that capital investments are fully deductible and business losses can be used to offset profits without limit. Despite this, it is still an inferior source of tax revenue from an economic efficiency perspective.[6]
Third, policymakers should not ignore the fundamental challenge of coordinating policies among countries with very different tax systems.
Countries vary widely in the extent to which they use corporate income taxes to raise revenue. Some rely on them a lot, others only a little (opting instead for more economically efficient methods of taxation). For example, in 2019, Nigeria raised 45.9 percent of its total tax revenue from corporate income taxes while Brazil raised just 8.6 percent.[7]
Any international tax cooperation effort needs to respect the diverse and divergent policy paths that countries take and avoid designing blanket proposals that undermine sound systems of taxation.
Finally, the UN’s efforts to coordinate corporate tax policy should reduce tax uncertainty, not add to it.
The current state of cross-border tax and multilateral negotiations is borderline chaos. A decade ago, the OECD launched the Base Erosion and Profit ShiftingProfit shifting is when multinational companies reduce their tax burden by moving the location of their profits from high-tax countries to low-tax jurisdictions and tax havens. Project at the behest of the G20. Since then, dozens of countries have changed their tax rules for multinationals by adding various anti-abuse rules. Rather than evaluating the performance of those new rules, countries recently began to invest in new tools to tax multinationals in the cross-border arena including equalization levies, digital services taxes, digital permanent establishment rules, and the policies envisaged by the two-pillar project.
New UN efforts for effective tax cooperation should avoid duplicating ongoing efforts at the OECD or putting forward contrary proposals that will create additional uncertainty for taxpayers. Otherwise, there will be an increased risk of double taxationDouble taxation is when taxes are paid twice on the same dollar of income, regardless of whether that’s corporate or individual income. driven by contradictory standards for taxing the profits of multinationals.
Therefore, the UN should only engage in international tax policy coordination if it can effectively reduce tax uncertainties while respecting the principles outlined above and supporting cross-border trade and investment.
This should not be read as an endorsement of the approach the OECD has taken with its proposals. Rather, we see the outcomes at the OECD as clearly violating the principles that we follow as an organization when evaluating tax policies. But adding yet another layer of international taxation on top of the work at the OECD and in national capitals would make the system even more complex.
The global economy needs policymakers who are invested in seeing growth recover and avoiding unnecessary barriers to cross-border trade and investment. The challenges countries face will become even more difficult to solve in a stagnant global economy. We strongly encourage leaders at the UN to promote principled, pro-growth policies in the context of future multilateral efforts.
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Subscribe[1] United Nations, “General Assembly Resolution on ‘Promotion of Inclusive and Effective Tax Cooperation at the United Nations,’” Dec. 30, 2022, https://www.un.org/development/desa/financing/document/general-assembly-resolution-promotion-inclusive-and-effective-tax-cooperation-united.
[2] Michael Devereux, at the International Tax Policy Forum and Institute of International Economic Law Conference at Georgetown University Law Center, January 12, 2023.
[3] UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2022, June 9, 2022, https://unctad.org/publication/world-investment-report-2022.
[4] UNCTAD, “Chapter 3 – The Impact of a Global Minimum Tax on FDI,” World Investment Report 2022, June 9, 2022, https://worldinvestmentreport.unctad.org/world-investment-report-2022/chapter-3-the-impact-of-a-global-minimum-tax-on-fdi/.
[5] Åsa Johansson, Chistopher Heady, Jens Matthias Arnold, Bert Brys, and Laura Vartia, “Taxation and Economic Growth,” OECD Economics Department Working Papers, July 3, 2008, https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/taxation-and-economic-growth_241216205486.
[6] Lisa Hogreve and Daniel Bunn, “Capital Cost RecoveryCost recovery is the ability of businesses to recover (deduct) the costs of their investments. It plays an important role in defining a business’ tax base and can impact investment decisions. When businesses cannot fully deduct capital expenditures, they spend less on capital, which reduces worker’s productivity and wages. across the OECD,” Tax Foundation, Apr. 26, 2022, https://taxfoundation.org/capital-allowances-cost-recovery/ and Elke Asen, “Net Operating Loss Policies in the OECD,” Tax Foundation, June 23, 2021, https://taxfoundation.org/net-operating-loss-policies-oecd/#Design.
[7] OECD, Corporate Tax Revenues, last updated July 7, 2022, https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=CTS_REV.
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