Hawaii Could GET More Than It Bargained for with Sales Tax Increase

Hawaii’s Senate Bill 1474 would raise the state’s sales taxA sales tax is levied on retail sales of goods and services and, ideally, should apply to all final consumption with few exemptions. Many governments exempt goods like groceries; base broadening, such as including groceries, could keep rates lower. A sales tax should exempt business-to-business transactions which, when taxed, cause tax pyramiding. from 4 percent to 4.5 percent, to provide $350 million in a dedicated education fund. The bill has passed the Senate and awaits action in the House. While well-intentioned, this bill would increase the state’s reliance on a poorly-structured taxA tax is a mandatory payment or charge collected by local, state, and national governments from individuals or businesses to cover the costs of general government services, goods, and activities. , with no guarantee that the dedicated money would actually solve the education funding problem.

The counties of Oahu and Kauai would be hit the hardest, as they already levy 0.5 percent in local taxes, bringing their new total rate to 5 percent.

At first glance, this increase may not seem like a big deal, especially when compared to states like Indiana and California, which are already at 7 percent and 7.25 percent, respectively. But due to the unusual composition of Hawaii’s sales tax baseThe tax base is the total amount of income, property, assets, consumption, transactions, or other economic activity subject to taxation by a tax authority. A narrow tax base is non-neutral and inefficient. A broad tax base reduces tax administration costs and allows more revenue to be raised at lower rates. , a possible move to 4.5 percent would have a bigger impact than you might think.

Instead of your typical sales tax, Hawaii levies a General Excise TaxAn excise tax is a tax imposed on a specific good or activity. Excise taxes are commonly levied on cigarettes, alcoholic beverages, soda, gasoline, insurance premiums, amusement activities, and betting, and typically make up a relatively small and volatile portion of state and local and, to a lesser extent, federal tax collections. (GET). Simply put, this means that the state taxes almost every transaction, whether it’s a service, a good, or a business-to-business transaction.

A good way to illustrate the difference is to look at states’ sales tax breadth, the ratio of the implicit sales tax base to state personal income. Other states, on average, have a sales tax breadth of around 36 percent, according to Indiana University’s Professor Emeritus John Mikesell. Hawaii taxes 105 percent. And no, that’s not a typo: because Hawaii taxes all transactions, many products get taxed more than once as they proceed along the path of production. This double taxing, or “tax pyramidingTax pyramiding occurs when the same final good or service is taxed multiple times along the production process. This yields vastly different effective tax rates depending on the length of the supply chain and disproportionately harms low-margin firms. Gross receipts taxes are a prime example of tax pyramiding in action. ,” gets added to the final price of a product, leaving consumers to pay for the layers of taxes.

Hawaii’s sales tax is not transparent. Consumers don’t see the layers of taxes that are included in the final purchase price. Sellers can choose to list the sales tax on their receipts, but this will only include the final addition, not the various business transactions that took place in other stages of production.

The average Hawaiian consumer already pays about 4.17 percent instead of the given 4 percent, because the tax includes receipts from all business activity—which includes the excise tax. In other words, the state collects 4.16 percent, as it collects 4 percent on the 4 percent tax, and then 4 percent on that, ad infinitim. (They should be grateful for limits—and rounding!) Under the same principle, the average consumer would pay 4.71 percent under a 4.5 percent sales tax.

The school system in Hawaii is struggling with funding, though the Hawaii Tax Foundation’s Tom Yamachika has argued that this bill may do little to solve the problem. (Despite a similarity of name, the Hawaii Tax Foundation is unaffiliated with the Tax Foundation.)

An ideal sales tax would tax all final consumption, instead of taxing all the steps along the production path. Hawaii’s SB 1474 does not align with this goal, and instead makes the problem worse by raising the rate on too broad of a base. If Hawaii is going to increase its sales tax, it first needs to adjust its base—exempting business-to-business transactions to avoid taxing items multiple times.

Legislators have until April 4, the end of the legislative session, to pass the bill. However, the bill could be revived next year if it does not pass in the current session.

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