Claiming 97 Percent of Small Businesses Exempt from Biden Taxes Is Misleading

The Biden administration recently cited an analysis from Treasury claiming that “the President’s agenda will protect 97 percent of small business owners from income taxA tax is a mandatory payment or charge collected by local, state, and national governments from individuals or businesses to cover the costs of general government services, goods, and activities. rate increases.” However, the figure is misleading. To assess the economic effect of higher marginal tax rateThe marginal tax rate is the amount of additional tax paid for every additional dollar earned as income. The average tax rate is the total tax paid divided by total income earned. A 10 percent marginal tax rate means that 10 cents of every next dollar earned would be taken as tax. s, it matters how much income or investment will be affected—not how many taxpayers.

The Treasury analysis specifically examines filers with pass-through income, or income that is reported through a sole proprietor, partnership, or S corp. Although the White House news release does not link to the actual study, it appears that they simply calculate how many filers are above the income thresholds where President Biden’s taxes would apply. Indeed, when we conducted a similar analysis we found that only 6 percent of filers with pass-through income would be affected.

But looking at “filers with pass-through income” likely understates the effect on small businesses, and therefore underestimates the effect on the economy more broadly.

For instance, imagine someone who earns a wage at a traditional job but also sells some clothes online. Even though selling clothes is just a small portion of their total income, they report it on their tax return under Schedule C, and the Treasury analysis would capture them as an unaffected small business. In this sense, the analysis classifies as small businesses many filers at the lower part of the income distribution who may not operate what we think of as a traditional business that makes capital investments, employs workers, and generates significant income.

A better way to assess the overall impact of the Biden tax increase on the economy would be to look at the share of pass-through income that would be impacted by it.

When we did this using data from the 2011 Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Public Use File, we found that the 6 percent of filers with pass-through net income with adjusted gross incomes above $400,000 were responsible for 52 percent of all pass-through income reported to the IRS. That such a small group of filers generates more than half of all pass-through income implies that taxes that target this group could impact the economy significantly.

More recent IRS data, for tax year 2018, further confirms that a significant share of pass-through businessA pass-through business is a sole proprietorship, partnership, or S corporation that is not subject to the corporate income tax; instead, this business reports its income on the individual income tax returns of the owners and is taxed at individual income tax rates. income would face higher marginal tax rates under Biden’s proposals. While taxpayers making above $500,000 comprise roughly just 4 percent of returns that reported either business net income or net losses, they account for more than half of the resulting net income. In other words, while a relatively small number of business owners would be affected, an outsized share of business activity (as measured by business income) would be affected by the proposed tax increases.

Table 1. Pass-through Business Income Shares and Components in 2018

	Share of tax returns	Share of Business Income	Sole Prop	Rental and Royalty	Partnership and S corp	Farm	Total
Under $50,000	44%	3%	$87.3	-$0.5	-$45.8	-$12.4	$28.5
$50,000 to $100,000	22%	8%	$60.1	$3.4	$23.1	-$4.5	$82.0
$100,000 under $200,000	20%	13%	$70.2	$13.7	$60.7	-$3.0	$141.6
$200,000 under $500,000	10%	22%	$73.7	$18.6	$148.2	-$1.3	$239.3
$500,000 and above	4%	54%	$57.5	$29.6	$497.0	-$2.1	$582.0
Total	100%	100%	$348.7	$64.8	$683.3	-$23.4	$1,073.4
Note: Number of tax returns includes all returns reporting net income and net loss. Income amounts include all returns with net income less net loss and are in billions of dollars. Totals may not sum due to rounding. Source: Internal Revenue Service, “Statistics of Income Tax Stats Table 1.4—All Returns: Sources of Income, Adjustments, and Tax Items.”

Another problem with the analysis is that it ignores Biden’s corporate tax proposals. Although it is true most small businesses based on U.S. Census size classifications (67 percent) are structured as pass-through entities, another 25 percent are structured as traditional C corps. As we outlined in a prior post, many small C corps could potentially be impacted by Biden’s increase in the corporate tax rate.

When thinking how higher tax rates would affect the economy, the relevant piece of information is not the number of people affected—it’s the amount of economic activity. By focusing on the number of people, the Biden administration is misleadingly claiming their tax proposals would have a small effect. The actual statistics show more than half of pass-through business income could face tax increases.

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