2023 State Tax Resource Center

Fifty states, 7,383 state legislators, and over 100,000 bills: legislative sessions are a whirlwind. But the Tax Foundation and its state experts are here to help make sense of the key tax policy issues in state capitols. This page is intended as a resource for policymakers and others focused on state-level tax policy, providing one-click access to key resources and highlighting papers on some of the biggest issues of 2023. It is also an open invitation to connect directly with our experts with questions or requests for legislative testimony. Contact information for the Tax Foundation expert assigned to each state can be found below.

The past two years have seen the majority of states adopt rate cuts, particularly to individual income taxes. In 2023, we expect a greater focus on structural reforms, such as easing compliance costs for hybrid and remote workers, adopting permanent full expensing of capital investments, and other reforms to promote mobility and modernization as states respond to the new realities of a post-pandemic economy.

In addition to papers on major issues in contemporary tax policy, we also have resources like our six-part “boot camp” series for state lawmakers and others interested in state tax policy, along with publications like the State Business Tax Climate Index (a comparison of the competitiveness of states’ tax structures) and Facts & Figures (a handy guide to state tax rates, collections, and burdens data). We invite you to treat this page as a launching point as you think about state tax policy issues throughout 2023.

There’s Still Room for Responsible State Income Tax Relief in 2023

February 1, 2023

Forty-three states adopted tax relief in 2021 or 2022—often in both years—and of those, 21 cut state income tax rates. It’s been a remarkable trend, driven by robust state revenues and an increasingly competitive tax environment.

State Tax Policy as an Inflation Response

January 26, 2023

At the end of 2022, prices were 14.6 percent higher than they were two years prior. That’s the fastest inflation rate over any two calendar years since the stagflation era of the late 1970s. State policymakers are understandably interested in bringing any tools at their disposal to bear on the problem. And many of them are reaching for tax policy solutions.

States Should Make Full Expensing Permanent to Help Curb Inflation

November 29, 2022

In times of high inflation, states should consider adopting permanent full expensing because it boosts long-run productivity, economic output, and wages.

Do Unto Others: The Case for State Income Tax Reciprocity

November 16, 2022

Remote and flexible work opportunities are here to stay, whether states like it or not. With enhanced opportunities to take their job with them wherever they please, more workers can factor tax burdens into their decision of where to live.

How High Are Taxes on Recreational Marijuana in Your State?

November 8, 2022

Recreational marijuana taxation is one of the hottest policy issues in the U.S. Currently, 19 states have implemented legislation to legalize and tax recreational marijuana sales.

How Do Taxes Affect Interstate Migration?

October 11, 2022

IRS and Census data show that people and businesses favor states with low and structurally sound tax systems, which can impact the state’s economic growth and governmental coffers.

Unpacking the State and Local Tax Toolkit: Sources of State and Local Tax Collections (FY 2020)

August 25, 2022

The mix of tax sources states choose can have important implications for both revenue stability and economic growth, and the many variations across states are indicative of the different ways states weigh competing policy goals.

Indiana Should Use Surplus to Expedite Rate Cuts, Index Exemptions for Inflation

July 29, 2022

Expediting income tax rate reductions and indexing major income tax provisions for inflation are two of the most important tax policy changes policymakers could make to provide meaningful tax relief to Hoosiers both now and in the years to come.

2022 Sales Tax Holidays: Bad Policy Any Year, But Especially in Response to High Inflation

August 2, 2022

However well-intended they may be, sales tax holidays remain the same as they always have been—ineffective and inefficient.

New Jersey’s Proposed Menthol Ban Is All Pain and No Gain

July 27, 2022

New Jersey lawmakers should be weary of flavor bans after seeing the results in Massachusetts.

Pennsylvania Cuts Corporate Net Income Tax Rate

July 14, 2022

Policymakers from both parties in Harrisburg have proposed reducing Pennsylvania’s 9.99 percent corporate net income tax (CNIT) rate but could not agree on an approach—until now. With the enactment of HB 1342 lawmakers finally succeeded in cutting what had been the second highest state corporate tax rate in the nation.

State Tax Reform and Relief Enacted in 2022

July 13, 2022

Among the 46 states that held legislative sessions this year, structural state tax reform and temporary tax relief measures were recurring themes.

Idaho’s Tax Hiking Ballot Measure Is Riddled With Mistakes

July 14, 2022

Idaho Ballot initiative would impose an incredibly high top marginal rate that would fall on many small businesses, not just high-income earners.

Oklahoma Becomes First State in Nation to Make Full Expensing Permanent

July 6, 2022

Gov. Stitt signed into law a pro-growth bill that will set the state apart from its peers. Other states should look to follow Oklahoma’s example and make full expensing permanent to maintain their competitiveness in an increasingly mobile economy.

Vapor Taxes by State, 2022

July 5, 2022

If the policy goal of taxing cigarettes is to encourage cessation, vapor taxation must be considered a part of that policy design.

State Tax Changes Taking Effect July 1, 2022

June 28, 2022

Although the majority of state tax changes take effect at the start of the calendar year, some are implemented at the beginning of the fiscal year. Fourteen states have notable tax changes taking effect on July 1.

Testimony: Pennsylvania Should Respond to Inflation with Structural Tax Reforms

June 22, 2022

The Impact of Individual Income Tax Changes on Economic Growth

June 14, 2022

Research almost invariably shows a negative relationship between income tax rates and gross domestic product (GDP). Cuts to marginal tax rates are highly correlated with decreases in the unemployment rate.

Two Dozen States Show Why the Kansas Critique of Income Tax Cuts Is Mistaken

May 24, 2022

The Kansas experience is so infamous that “what about Kansas?” is almost guaranteed to be a question—sometimes as a retort, but often a genuine expression of concern—any time any state explores tax relief. But what about the other two dozen states that have cut their income taxes since then?

States Inaugurate a Flat Tax Revolution

November 14, 2022

In what is already a year of significant bipartisan focus on tax relief, 2022 is launching something of a flat tax revolution by reforming income taxes.

State Legislatures Take Up Tax Reform and Relief in 2022

March 29, 2022

After a whirlwind of cuts and reforms in 2021, it looks like 2022 might be an even bigger year for state tax codes. Republican and Democratic governors alike used their annual State of the State addresses to call for tax reform, and there is already serious momentum from state lawmakers nationwide to get the job done.

Eight State Tax Reforms for Mobility and Modernization

January 5, 2022

States are unprepared for the ongoing shift to remote and flexible work arrangements, or for the industries and activities of today, to say nothing of tomorrow. In some states, moreover, existing tax provisions exacerbate the impact of high inflation and contribute to the supply chain crisis.

2022 State Business Tax Climate Index

December 16, 2021

While there are many ways to show how much is collected in taxes by state governments, our State Business Tax Climate Index is designed to show how well states structure their tax systems and provides a road map for improvement.

As Inflation Rises, So Will Tax Bills in Many States

October 19, 2021

Inflation is often called a hidden tax, but in many states it yields a far more literal tax increase as tax brackets fail to adjust for changes in consumer purchasing power.

States Have $95 Billion to Restore their Unemployment Trust Funds—Why Aren’t They Using It?

September 22, 2021

Given the restrictions on the use of federal relief funding, and the significantly higher tax burdens on employment that will result if trust funds are not replenished, applying federal aid to these trust funds should be an urgent priority.

States Respond to Strong Fiscal Health with Income Tax Reforms

July 15, 2021

As states close their books for fiscal year 2021, many have much more revenue on hand than they anticipated last year. Eleven states have responded by reducing income tax rates and making related structural reforms as they strive to solidify a competitive advantage in an increasingly competitive national landscape.

Large Spread in Tax Treatment of Sports Betting Operators

February 9, 2022

Since 2018, 30 states and the District and Columbia have legalized and imposed taxes on sports betting. States that have yet to legalize, but which may do so, should pay attention to the impact of tax design in states that already have legal and taxed sports betting—specifically tax base design.

States Consider Digital Taxes Amidst Conflicting Rationales

May 10, 2021

Digital advertising, social media, and data tax proposals have been introduced in nine states following enactment of Maryland’s digital advertising tax, which has since been postponed a year due to administrative and legal challenges.

Location Matters 2021: The State Tax Costs of Doing Business

May 5, 2021

A landmark comparison of corporate tax costs in all 50 states, Location Matters provides a comprehensive calculation of real-world tax burdens, going beyond headline rates to demonstrate how tax codes impact businesses and offering policymakers a road map to improvement.

Excise Tax Application and Trends

March 16, 2021

The excise tax family is growing. Over the last decade, several products have become subject to excise taxes or are in the process of becoming so. Given this development, it is more crucial than ever that lawmakers, businesses, and consumers understand the possibilities and, more importantly, limitations of excise tax application.

Facts and Figures 2021: How Does Your State Compare?

March 10, 2021

Our updated 2021 edition of Facts & Figures serves as a one-stop state tax data resource that compares all 50 states on over 40 measures of tax rates, collections, burdens, and more.

State Tax Policy Boot Camp

January 28, 2021

The State Business Tax Climate Index Is Your Guide to Economic “Wins Above Replacement”

November 3, 2022

A Road Map to Recreational Marijuana Taxation

June 9, 2020

As more states consider legalization of recreational marijuana, lawmakers should take note of the experiences of the states already allowing legal sales and consumption.

There’s Still Room for Responsible State Income Tax Relief in 2023

February 1, 2023

Forty-three states adopted tax relief in 2021 or 2022—often in both years—and of those, 21 cut state income tax rates. It’s been a remarkable trend, driven by robust state revenues and an increasingly competitive tax environment.

State Tax Policy as an Inflation Response

January 26, 2023

At the end of 2022, prices were 14.6 percent higher than they were two years prior. That’s the fastest inflation rate over any two calendar years since the stagflation era of the late 1970s. State policymakers are understandably interested in bringing any tools at their disposal to bear on the problem. And many of them are reaching for tax policy solutions.

States Should Make Full Expensing Permanent to Help Curb Inflation

November 29, 2022

In times of high inflation, states should consider adopting permanent full expensing because it boosts long-run productivity, economic output, and wages.

Do Unto Others: The Case for State Income Tax Reciprocity

November 16, 2022

Remote and flexible work opportunities are here to stay, whether states like it or not. With enhanced opportunities to take their job with them wherever they please, more workers can factor tax burdens into their decision of where to live.

How High Are Taxes on Recreational Marijuana in Your State?

November 8, 2022

Recreational marijuana taxation is one of the hottest policy issues in the U.S. Currently, 19 states have implemented legislation to legalize and tax recreational marijuana sales.

How Do Taxes Affect Interstate Migration?

October 11, 2022

IRS and Census data show that people and businesses favor states with low and structurally sound tax systems, which can impact the state’s economic growth and governmental coffers.

Unpacking the State and Local Tax Toolkit: Sources of State and Local Tax Collections (FY 2020)

August 25, 2022

The mix of tax sources states choose can have important implications for both revenue stability and economic growth, and the many variations across states are indicative of the different ways states weigh competing policy goals.

Indiana Should Use Surplus to Expedite Rate Cuts, Index Exemptions for Inflation

July 29, 2022

Expediting income tax rate reductions and indexing major income tax provisions for inflation are two of the most important tax policy changes policymakers could make to provide meaningful tax relief to Hoosiers both now and in the years to come.

2022 Sales Tax Holidays: Bad Policy Any Year, But Especially in Response to High Inflation

August 2, 2022

However well-intended they may be, sales tax holidays remain the same as they always have been—ineffective and inefficient.

New Jersey’s Proposed Menthol Ban Is All Pain and No Gain

July 27, 2022

New Jersey lawmakers should be weary of flavor bans after seeing the results in Massachusetts.

Pennsylvania Cuts Corporate Net Income Tax Rate

July 14, 2022

Policymakers from both parties in Harrisburg have proposed reducing Pennsylvania’s 9.99 percent corporate net income tax (CNIT) rate but could not agree on an approach—until now. With the enactment of HB 1342 lawmakers finally succeeded in cutting what had been the second highest state corporate tax rate in the nation.

State Tax Reform and Relief Enacted in 2022

July 13, 2022

Among the 46 states that held legislative sessions this year, structural state tax reform and temporary tax relief measures were recurring themes.

Idaho’s Tax Hiking Ballot Measure Is Riddled With Mistakes

July 14, 2022

Idaho Ballot initiative would impose an incredibly high top marginal rate that would fall on many small businesses, not just high-income earners.

Oklahoma Becomes First State in Nation to Make Full Expensing Permanent

July 6, 2022

Gov. Stitt signed into law a pro-growth bill that will set the state apart from its peers. Other states should look to follow Oklahoma’s example and make full expensing permanent to maintain their competitiveness in an increasingly mobile economy.

Vapor Taxes by State, 2022

July 5, 2022

If the policy goal of taxing cigarettes is to encourage cessation, vapor taxation must be considered a part of that policy design.

State Tax Changes Taking Effect July 1, 2022

June 28, 2022

Although the majority of state tax changes take effect at the start of the calendar year, some are implemented at the beginning of the fiscal year. Fourteen states have notable tax changes taking effect on July 1.

Testimony: Pennsylvania Should Respond to Inflation with Structural Tax Reforms

June 22, 2022

The Impact of Individual Income Tax Changes on Economic Growth

June 14, 2022

Research almost invariably shows a negative relationship between income tax rates and gross domestic product (GDP). Cuts to marginal tax rates are highly correlated with decreases in the unemployment rate.

Two Dozen States Show Why the Kansas Critique of Income Tax Cuts Is Mistaken

May 24, 2022

The Kansas experience is so infamous that “what about Kansas?” is almost guaranteed to be a question—sometimes as a retort, but often a genuine expression of concern—any time any state explores tax relief. But what about the other two dozen states that have cut their income taxes since then?

States Inaugurate a Flat Tax Revolution

November 14, 2022

In what is already a year of significant bipartisan focus on tax relief, 2022 is launching something of a flat tax revolution by reforming income taxes.

State Legislatures Take Up Tax Reform and Relief in 2022

March 29, 2022

After a whirlwind of cuts and reforms in 2021, it looks like 2022 might be an even bigger year for state tax codes. Republican and Democratic governors alike used their annual State of the State addresses to call for tax reform, and there is already serious momentum from state lawmakers nationwide to get the job done.

Eight State Tax Reforms for Mobility and Modernization

January 5, 2022

States are unprepared for the ongoing shift to remote and flexible work arrangements, or for the industries and activities of today, to say nothing of tomorrow. In some states, moreover, existing tax provisions exacerbate the impact of high inflation and contribute to the supply chain crisis.

2022 State Business Tax Climate Index

December 16, 2021

While there are many ways to show how much is collected in taxes by state governments, our State Business Tax Climate Index is designed to show how well states structure their tax systems and provides a road map for improvement.

As Inflation Rises, So Will Tax Bills in Many States

October 19, 2021

Inflation is often called a hidden tax, but in many states it yields a far more literal tax increase as tax brackets fail to adjust for changes in consumer purchasing power.

States Have $95 Billion to Restore their Unemployment Trust Funds—Why Aren’t They Using It?

September 22, 2021

Given the restrictions on the use of federal relief funding, and the significantly higher tax burdens on employment that will result if trust funds are not replenished, applying federal aid to these trust funds should be an urgent priority.

States Respond to Strong Fiscal Health with Income Tax Reforms

July 15, 2021

As states close their books for fiscal year 2021, many have much more revenue on hand than they anticipated last year. Eleven states have responded by reducing income tax rates and making related structural reforms as they strive to solidify a competitive advantage in an increasingly competitive national landscape.

Large Spread in Tax Treatment of Sports Betting Operators

February 9, 2022

Since 2018, 30 states and the District and Columbia have legalized and imposed taxes on sports betting. States that have yet to legalize, but which may do so, should pay attention to the impact of tax design in states that already have legal and taxed sports betting—specifically tax base design.

States Consider Digital Taxes Amidst Conflicting Rationales

May 10, 2021

Digital advertising, social media, and data tax proposals have been introduced in nine states following enactment of Maryland’s digital advertising tax, which has since been postponed a year due to administrative and legal challenges.

Location Matters 2021: The State Tax Costs of Doing Business

May 5, 2021

A landmark comparison of corporate tax costs in all 50 states, Location Matters provides a comprehensive calculation of real-world tax burdens, going beyond headline rates to demonstrate how tax codes impact businesses and offering policymakers a road map to improvement.

Excise Tax Application and Trends

March 16, 2021

The excise tax family is growing. Over the last decade, several products have become subject to excise taxes or are in the process of becoming so. Given this development, it is more crucial than ever that lawmakers, businesses, and consumers understand the possibilities and, more importantly, limitations of excise tax application.

Facts and Figures 2021: How Does Your State Compare?

March 10, 2021

Our updated 2021 edition of Facts & Figures serves as a one-stop state tax data resource that compares all 50 states on over 40 measures of tax rates, collections, burdens, and more.

State Tax Policy Boot Camp

January 28, 2021

The State Business Tax Climate Index Is Your Guide to Economic “Wins Above Replacement”

November 3, 2022

A Road Map to Recreational Marijuana Taxation

June 9, 2020

As more states consider legalization of recreational marijuana, lawmakers should take note of the experiences of the states already allowing legal sales and consumption.