On Thursday, House Ways and Means CommitteeThe Committee on Ways and Means, more commonly referred to as the House Ways and Means Committee, is one of 29 U.S. House of Representative committees and is the chief tax-writing committee in the U.S. The House Ways and Means Committee has jurisdiction over all bills relating to taxes and other revenue generation, as well as spending programs like Social Security, Medicare, and unemployment insurance, among others. leadership released bill language for federal taxA tax is a mandatory payment or charge collected by local, state, and national governments from individuals or businesses to cover the costs of general government services, goods, and activities. reform. Our details on the provisions in the package are here. One issue that deserves additional attention is a provision in the plan that lowers the rate on pass-through businessA pass-through business is a sole proprietorship, partnership, or S corporation that is not subject to the corporate income tax; instead, this business reports its income on the individual income tax returns of the owners and is taxed at individual income tax rates. income to 25 percent, while the top marginal income tax rate for wage income will remain at 39.6 percent.
For background, business income from traditional C corporations is taxed twice: once in the form of corporate profits in the corporate tax, and then again when profits are paid out to shareholders in the form of a dividend.
However, pass-through businesses (like LLCs, S corporations, and sole proprietorships) are subject to just one layer of taxation, when the income is “passed through” to the owners on their individual income taxAn individual income tax (or personal income tax) is levied on the wages, salaries, investments, or other forms of income an individual or household earns. The U.S. imposes a progressive income tax where rates increase with income. The Federal Income Tax was established in 1913 with the ratification of the 16th Amendment. Though barely 100 years old, individual income taxes are the largest source of tax revenue in the U.S. return. This single layer of taxation is good policy; read our primer on pass-throughs here.
However, with the House Ways and Means Tax Plan offering a pass-through rate cut to 25 percent but keeping the rate on wage income at 39.6 percent, there is cause for concern that some filers would have strong incentives to recategorize their wages as “business income” to get a substantial rate cut.
How would that work? In a simple hypothetical, an engineer might choose to sell his services to his firm as a contractor rather than a wage-earner, cutting his income tax liability. In this scenario, he would now have to pay both the employer side of the Social Security and Medicare withholding taxes (7.65 percent), but he could likely gross up his contracting fees to adjust for that, and still “cost” the firm the same amount to employ.
This would be a good deal for that engineer, but a bad deal for federal revenues, as tax collections would go down substantially even though no new economic activity has occurred (the engineer is ostensibly still carrying the same workload).
Or consider the case of a sole proprietor. If she worked for an employer, she would receive wages, taxable at ordinary rates. If she could benefit from a lower rate on business income than she does on wage income, however, it would make sense to limit the amount (if any) she receives in wages and instead take more business income. We know that, in theory, some portion of the income she receives is due to her labor (wage income) and some portion is due to her investment/ownership stake (business income), but the pass-through rate provides an incentive to place as much income as possible in the latter basket.
However, lawmakers have made clear that they want to provide a tax cut for all businesses and perhaps particularly small businesses (though many pass-through businesses are actually quite large), and while economists generally agree that pass-through businesses are tax-advantaged compared to double-taxed C corporations, the House Ways and Means Tax Plan pairs corporate rate reductions with a lower maximum rate for pass-through businesses. The challenge, then, becomes how to offer a lower rate for pass-through business income without encouraging substantial recategorization of income.
How should we square this circle to make sure a lower pass-through rate doesn’t lead to abuse and tax avoidance? There are basically three strategies federal lawmakers could employ, each of which solve certain problems but come with drawbacks as well:
Method #1
Use a formula to determine how much income should be categorized as wages on the tax return of a business owner, ensuring some of the income is subject to the wage income tax rates.
The idea is that some portion of income returns to labor, and the other returns to capital—real business profits.
Advantages
This method reduces any incentives to work as a subcontractor for tax purposes, and limits the degree to which business owners can reclassify their earnings from wages to business profits.
Drawbacks
- This makes for a tax preference that is less likely to induce recategorization because you still have to pay yourself 70 percent of your income in wages
- Any such rule is a necessarily blunt instrument, overcounting business income for some and undercounting it for others.
Method #2
Exclude some businesses and owners from the benefits of a lower pass-through rate.
Advantages
Professional service providers, like attorneys, accountants, and financial advisers, have low returns to capital and high returns to labor, and could thus receive a disproportionate advantage under a lower pass-through rate absent sufficient guardrails. One option would be to altogether exclude select service industries from eligibility for the lower pass-through rate.
Drawbacks
This approach is nonneutral, favoring some industries more than others, and wrongly assumes no return to capital from such businesses.
Method #3
Set out a holistic “facts and circumstances” test to determine how much income needs to be categorized as wages.
Advantages
This method allows taxpayers to show exactly how much of their income is derived return on business capital, and how much of it is from their labor.
Drawbacks
These calculations can quickly become extraordinarily complex.
The House Ways and Means Tax Plan has a novel solution that ends up utilizing components of all three of these approaches.
For most pass-through businesses, a 70/30 wage-to-business income rule will apply as default, allowing them to take advantage of a lower rate for 30 percent of their income, which is assumed to be derived from returns to capital.
For businesses that feel that this is not an accurate assessment of their returns to capital, they can “prove out” if they can show that the depreciated tangible capital of the business (that is, the purchase price less MACRS depreciationDepreciation is a measurement of the “useful life” of a business asset, such as machinery or a factory, to determine the multiyear period over which the cost of that asset can be deducted from taxable income. Instead of allowing businesses to deduct the cost of investments immediately (i.e., full expensing), depreciation requires deductions to be taken over time, reducing their value and discouraging investment. ) multiplied by about 8 percent (specifically, Applicable Federal Rates plus 7 percent) is greater than 30 percent of their income that year. They would then pay the lower pass-through income tax rate on that amount, which is intended to represent a normal return on investment.
Next, certain professional business services like accounting and law firms will be excluded from the lower pass-through rate by default, with all income preliminarily subject to ordinary tax rates. However, these taxpayers will still be able to prove out their business income based on depreciable property, on which they would be subject to the lower maximum rate of 25 percent.
Though admittedly a bit complex, these anti-abuse rules represent a well-thought-out approach to dealing with this issue. Imposing weaker rules would open the door for arbitrage opportunities for certain taxpayers to recategorize income. By beginning with a default rule that will be sufficient for most taxpayers, the rules limit excessive complexity while providing a “facts and circumstances” alternative for businesses with higher returns to capital.
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