Did 1986 Tax Reform Hurt Affordable Housing?

As TaxA tax is a mandatory payment or charge collected by local, state, and national governments from individuals or businesses to cover the costs of general government services, goods, and activities. Foundation president Scott Hodge wrote in a recent blog post, improving the tax treatment of residential investments is a good way to reduce construction costs and build more affordable housing.

Under current law, when a company invests in building a new structure, it must deduct the cost of that investment over multiple decades. For a residential structure, that means spreading the deduction for that investment over 27.5 years, and for a commercial structure, over 39 years. That also means the company cannot deduct the full real value of these investments, as a deduction 20 years from now is worth less than one today because of the time value of money and inflation.

This can be fixed by implementing neutral cost recovery, which would adjust each annual deduction by the time value of money and inflationInflation is when the general price of goods and services increases across the economy, reducing the purchasing power of a currency and the value of certain assets. The same paycheck covers less goods, services, and bills. It is sometimes referred to as a “hidden tax,” as it leaves taxpayers less well-off due to higher costs and “bracket creep,” while increasing the government’s spending power. . Under this system, companies would be incentivized to invest compared to the existing policy structure, which disincentivizes investment.

Increased investment is important for affordable housing. The Tax Foundation’s General Equilibrium Model finds that neutral cost recoveryCost recovery is the ability of businesses to recover (deduct) the costs of their investments. It plays an important role in defining a business’ tax base and can impact investment decisions. When businesses cannot fully deduct capital expenditures, they spend less on capital, which reduces worker’s productivity and wages. for residential investment would reduce construction costs by 11 percent. This reduction helps make more housing developments viable, especially less expensive apartments that tend to have lower profit margins. And an expansion in housing supply means there will be lower rents.

The importance of construction costs in determining housing supply and rents varies by metropolitan area. In some cities with pronounced housing crises, like San Francisco, the main barriers to new housing addressing sky-high rents and zoning laws are not construction costs, but local zoning and land use regulations that simply prevent new housing from being built. But with the exception of those cities with extremely constraining zoning regulations, prices and rents are more closely tied to the physical cost of production. And those costs have risen in recent years. As the annual report from Harvard’s Joint Center on Housing Studies noted, the Construction Cost Index, which includes labor, materials, contractor fees, and local taxes, rose 37 percent over the past decade, roughly 3 times as much as overall consumer prices.

We can look to the 1986 tax reform to see how changing the tax treatment of residential investment could impact housing prices and rents. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA86) made several major changes to many parts of the tax code, particularly related to housing.

Most prominently, the 1986 reform lengthened depreciationDepreciation is a measurement of the “useful life” of a business asset, such as machinery or a factory, to determine the multiyear period over which the cost of that asset can be deducted from taxable income. Instead of allowing businesses to deduct the cost of investments immediately (i.e., full expensing), depreciation requires deductions to be taken over time, reducing their value and discouraging investment. schedules for commercial and residential structures. Before the reform, investments in residential and business structures could be deducted over 19 years, and through 175 percent declining balance depreciation, a larger share of those costs could be deducted in the first year. The tax reform moved to longer depreciation schedules (27.5 years for residential structures, and 31.5 years for commercial structures), and eliminated declining balance depreciation, requiring companies to spread those deductions evenly over these new, longer asset lives.

The plan included other changes to the tax treatment of housing too. It introduced limitations to the passive loss deduction, which previously encouraged some tax-motivated construction projects. By lowering personal income tax rates and expanding the standard deductionThe standard deduction reduces a taxpayer’s taxable income by a set amount determined by the government. It was nearly doubled for all classes of filers by the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) as an incentive for taxpayers not to itemize deductions when filing their federal income taxes. , it also reduced the benefits of the mortgage interest deductionThe mortgage interest deduction is an itemized deduction for interest paid on home mortgages. It reduces households’ taxable incomes and, consequently, their total taxes paid. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) reduced the amount of principal and limited the types of loans that qualify for the deduction. , and it raised capital gains taxes on real estate sales. It also created the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit, partly to mitigate the impact of extending depreciation schedules on low-income housing construction, but that policy has waned in effectiveness. On net, TRA86 favored owner-occupied housing over investment in rental housing.

As economist James Poterba wrote in the American Economic Review in 1992, the increase in investment costs brought by TRA86’s changes to rental housing investment contributed to reduced construction of new multifamily homes from 515,000 in 1985 to only 140,000 by 1991, marking a turning point in multifamily vs. single-family home construction. While other factors, such as high rates of construction before TRA86 and an economic slowdown at the end of the 1980s, helped tamp down rents in the short run, having fewer apartments on the market contributed to rents outpacing income growth. As urban planning advocacy group Strong Towns helpfully explained, luxury or market-rate apartments from decades earlier become part of the current affordable housing stock, so the long-term effect of a collapse in new, market-rate construction in the late 1980s would be a lack of affordable housing today, even if rents did not immediately rise.

Improving cost recovery for residential structures is not a silver bullet for solving the housing crisis, but it would on the margin encourage more construction, both affordable housing as well as more expensive apartments that would, by increasing the amount of housing stock, help push rents down across the board.

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