Notable Tax Policy Changes in Europe

The TaxA tax is a mandatory payment or charge collected by local, state, and national governments from individuals or businesses to cover the costs of general government services, goods, and activities. Foundation’s International Tax Competitiveness Index (ITCI) seeks to measure the extent to which a country’s tax system adheres to two important aspects of tax policy: competitiveness and neutrality. A tax code that is competitive and neutral promotes sustainable economic growth and investment while raising sufficient revenue for government priorities.

Published annually, the ITCI not only compares OECD countries’ current tax policies but also reflects how tax systems have changed within the last year. The following map highlights European countries that made notable changes to their tax systems in 2018.

Belgium

The Belgian government lowered the corporate income taxA corporate income tax (CIT) is levied by federal and state governments on business profits. Many companies are not subject to the CIT because they are taxed as pass-through businesses, with income reportable under the individual income tax. rate from 34 percent to 29.6 percent in 2018, with a further decrease to 25 percent planned for 2020. Additionally, Belgium raised its exemption for dividends earned by foreign subsidiaries from 95 percent to 100 percent and eliminated its tax on foreign-sourced capital gains. Compliance time for consumption taxA consumption tax is typically levied on the purchase of goods or services and is paid directly or indirectly by the consumer in the form of retail sales taxes, excise taxes, tariffs, value-added taxes (VAT), or an income tax where all savings is tax-deductible. es decreased from 100 hours in 2017 to 75 hours in 2018. As a result, Belgium’s ranking improved from 25^th to 19^th in the ITCI.

Estonia

Estonia increased its VAT registration threshold from €16,000 ($18,850) to €40,000 ($47,170), discriminating in favor of smaller businesses and thus creating an unlevel playing field. Estonia, arguably the country with the most efficient tax system in the developed world, remained ranked 1^st in the ITCI despite this change.

Latvia

Following the example of Estonia, Latvia replaced its traditional corporate income tax system with a competitive cash flow tax model, only taxing distributed corporate profits and providing treatment equivalent to full expensingFull expensing allows businesses to immediately deduct the full cost of certain investments in new or improved technology, equipment, or buildings. It alleviates a bias in the tax code and incentivizes companies to invest more, which, in the long run, raises worker productivity, boosts wages, and creates more jobs. . Latvia now applies a corporate income tax at a rate of 20 percent, down from 25 percent. Due to this business tax reform, Latvia moved to 2^nd place in the ITCI.

Luxembourg

Luxembourg replaced a previously repealed patent boxA patent box—also referred to as intellectual property (IP) regime—taxes business income earned from IP at a rate below the statutory corporate income tax rate, aiming to encourage local research and development. Many patent boxes around the world have undergone substantial reforms due to profit shifting concerns. with an 80 percent exemption on income from patents, software, and other intellectual property, creating special incentives for businesses to locate intangibles in Luxembourg. The country remained ranked 4^th in the ITCI.

Norway

Norway, known for its high corporate income tax (78 percent) on the oil production industry, reduced its general corporate income tax rate from 24 percent to 23 percent in 2018, with a further decrease to 22 percent in 2019. As a result, Norway’s ranking improved from 17^th to 15^th in the ITCI.

Poland

Poland increased the top marginal tax rateThe marginal tax rate is the amount of additional tax paid for every additional dollar earned as income. The average tax rate is the total tax paid divided by total income earned. A 10 percent marginal tax rate means that 10 cents of every next dollar earned would be taken as tax. on individual income from 38.8 percent to 39.9 percent. It also imposed an asset tax on certain financial institutions. Due to these changes, it dropped from 32^nd to 33^rd in the ITCI ranking.

In today’s globalized world, it is essential for an economy to provide its citizens and businesses with a sound and competitive tax code to foster economic growth and well-being. Countries such as Estonia and Latvia have taken the lead in ensuring their tax codes do not create barriers to growth, setting an example for other countries to follow.

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