With the adoption of its new budget in mid-November, North Carolina has reinforced its position as a leader in pro-growth taxA tax is a mandatory payment or charge collected by local, state, and national governments from individuals or businesses to cover the costs of general government services, goods, and activities. reform, becoming the 12th state to enact income tax rate reductions in 2021 alone. (An additional four states implemented income tax cuts in 2021 that were previously adopted or were automatically triggered upon meeting revenue targets.) North Carolina’s recently adopted reforms further reduce the state’s flat income tax rate, ultimately to 3.99 percent, and will eventually phase out the corporate income taxA corporate income tax (CIT) is levied by federal and state governments on business profits. Many companies are not subject to the CIT because they are taxed as pass-through businesses, with income reportable under the individual income tax. .
Even before this year’s reforms, North Carolina has been one of the foremost leaders in pro-growth, structurally sound, comprehensive state tax reform over the past decade, enacting comprehensive tax reform in 2013 and then building on those reforms in 2014, 2015, and 2017. This year, the state reinforced that legacy with reforms that will set the state up for another decade of leadership in the realm of pro-growth state tax policy changes.
While much will happen in the state tax landscape over the next decade, if North Carolina’s 2021 reforms were fully phased in now, the state would improve from 10th to 5th overall on our State Business Tax Climate Index, solidifying its position as having one of the most competitive and structurally sound tax codes in the country. North Carolina would also tie for 1st on the corporate tax component of the Index and improve from 16th to 13th on the individual tax component.
| Current | Projected | |
|---|---|---|
| Overall | 10 | 5 |
| Corporate Taxes | 4 | 1 |
| Individual Taxes | 16 | 13 |
| Sales Taxes | 22 | 22 |
| Property Tax | 26 | 26 |
| Unemployment Insurance Taxes | 10 | 10 |
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Note: “Projected” column shows how North Carolina would have ranked on the 2021 State Business Tax Climate Index were the 2021 reforms fully phased in today. >Source: 2021 State Business Tax Climate Index. |
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Before the 2013 reforms, North Carolina consistently ranked among the worst states on the Index, indicative of high tax rates on a narrow tax baseThe tax base is the total amount of income, property, assets, consumption, transactions, or other economic activity subject to taxation by a tax authority. A narrow tax base is non-neutral and inefficient. A broad tax base reduces tax administration costs and allows more revenue to be raised at lower rates. , with economically inefficient incentives and carveouts that benefited declining legacy industries. Since then, however, it has seen the most dramatic improvement of any state over the past decade, with reforms that broadened individual and corporate income tax bases and lowered rates, broadened the sales taxA sales tax is levied on retail sales of goods and services and, ideally, should apply to all final consumption with few exemptions. Many governments exempt goods like groceries; base broadening, such as including groceries, could keep rates lower. A sales tax should exempt business-to-business transactions which, when taxed, cause tax pyramiding. base to additional consumer services, and repealed the estate taxAn estate tax is imposed on the net value of an individual’s taxable estate, after any exclusions or credits, at the time of death. The tax is paid by the estate itself before assets are distributed to heirs. . These reforms have helped reverse the state’s previously sluggish growth, with the state’s GDP growth rates going from lagging to exceeding the national average when comparing the seven years prior to the 2013 reforms to the seven years following. In addition, over the past decade, North Carolina has seen the third-highest net in-migration after only Florida and Texas, two states that forgo individual income taxAn individual income tax (or personal income tax) is levied on the wages, salaries, investments, or other forms of income an individual or household earns. The U.S. imposes a progressive income tax where rates increase with income. The Federal Income Tax was established in 1913 with the ratification of the 16th Amendment. Though barely 100 years old, individual income taxes are the largest source of tax revenue in the U.S. es altogether.
This year, after months of deliberations among the House, Senate, and governor spanning well into fiscal year 2022, both chambers in mid-November adopted the conference report to Senate Bill 105, the budget for fiscal years 2022 and 2023. The budget was then signed into law by Gov. Roy Cooper (D) on November 18.
The most notable pro-growth tax changes included in this budget are income tax rate reductions and franchise tax reforms. Starting January 1, 2022, the state’s flat individual income tax rate will be reduced from 5.25 to 4.99 percent. The rate will be reduced further each year until it reaches 3.99 percent starting January 1, 2027. If no other state lowered rates below that level in the interim, this would tie North Carolina with Ohio for the fourth-lowest top (or flat) rate, trailing only North Dakota (2.9 percent), Pennsylvania (3.07 percent), and Indiana (3.23 percent) among the 41 states with income taxes.
The state’s corporate income tax rate, which is already the lowest in the nation at 2.5 percent, will be reduced to 2.25 percent in 2025, 2 percent in 2026, 1 percent in 2028, and zeroed out entirely starting in 2030. Assuming the corporate income tax is phased down to zero as enacted, North Carolina is on track to be one of only three states—with South Dakota and Wyoming—levying neither a corporate income tax nor a statewide gross receipts taxA gross receipts tax, also known as a turnover tax, is applied to a company’s gross sales, without deductions for a firm’s business expenses, like costs of goods sold and compensation. Unlike a sales tax, a gross receipts tax is assessed on businesses and apply to business-to-business transactions in addition to final consumer purchases, leading to tax pyramiding. . Much of the burden of corporate income taxes falls on consumers in the form of higher prices, workers in the form of lower wages, and shareholders in the form of lower returns, so the phaseout of the corporate income tax will help businesses and individuals alike in North Carolina.
Before the 2013 reforms, North Carolina had the highest individual and corporate income tax rates in the Southeast. Today, North Carolina has the lowest corporate rate and among the more competitive individual rates. When the 2021 reforms are fully phased in, North Carolina’s individual income tax rate will have been cut nearly in half between 2013 and 2027.
| Year | Individual Income Tax Rate | Corporate Income Tax Rate |
|---|---|---|
| 2013 | 6% > $0 | |
| 7% > $12,750 | ||
| 7.75% > $60,000 | 6.90% | |
| 2014 | 5.80% | 6% |
| 2015 | 5.75% | 5% |
| 2016 | 5.75% | 4% |
| 2017 | 5.499% | 3% |
| 2018 | 5.499% | 3% |
| 2019 | 5.25% | 2.50% |
| 2020 | 5.25% | 2.50% |
| 2021 | 5.25% | 2.50% |
| 2022 | 4.99% | 2.50% |
| 2023 | 4.75% | 2.50% |
| 2024 | 4.60% | 2.50% |
| 2025 | 4.50% | 2.25% |
| 2026 | 4.25% | 2% |
| 2027 | 3.99% | 2% |
| 2028 | 3.99% | 1% |
| 2029 | 3.99% | 1% |
| 2030 | 3.99% | 0% |
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Note: Table shows future tax rate changes as enacted under S.B. 105 (2021). Sources: Tax Foundation; North Carolina Department of Revenue; Bloomberg Tax. |
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In addition to reducing income tax rates for all taxpayers, the law provides targeted relief to lower-income households with the increase in the standard deductionThe standard deduction reduces a taxpayer’s taxable income by a set amount determined by the government. It was nearly doubled for all classes of filers by the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) as an incentive for taxpayers not to itemize deductions when filing their federal income taxes. for all filers and the increase in the child deduction by $500 per child.
Specifically, the standard deduction will rise by $2,000 starting in 2022 for single filers and those who are married filing separately. Head of household filers will see a $3,000 increase, and married couples filing jointly will see a $4,000 increase.
Also in 2022, North Carolina’s income-tested child deduction will increase by $500 per child for qualifying taxpayers. Under current North Carolina law, a taxpayer can claim the child deduction only if their adjusted gross incomeFor individuals, gross income is the total pre-tax earnings from wages, tips, investments, interest, and other forms of income and is also referred to as “gross pay.” For businesses, gross income is total revenue minus cost of goods sold and is also known as “gross profit” or “gross margin.” (AGI) does not exceed $60,000 (single and married filing separately), $90,000 (head of household), or $120,000 (joint filers). Eligible taxpayers receive a state child deduction for each child who qualifies for the federal child tax creditA tax credit is a provision that reduces a taxpayer’s final tax bill, dollar-for-dollar. A tax credit differs from deductions and exemptions, which reduce taxable income, rather than the taxpayer’s tax bill directly. . The current maximum deduction is $2,500 per child, and it phases down as income rises. Under the new law, each qualifying taxpayer will see their deduction rise by $500 per child, and eligibility will be expanded to taxpayers with AGI not exceeding $70,000 (single and married filing separately), $105,000 (head of household), and $140,000 (joint filers).
On business taxes, the budget simplifies North Carolina’s franchise tax base, starting January 1, 2023, in a manner that will reduce franchise tax liability for many businesses. Instead of requiring businesses to calculate their liability under three different bases and remit under the base that generates the highest tax liability, businesses will remit based on their North Carolina-apportioned net worth. North Carolina is currently one of only 16 states that levies a capital stock tax at all. These taxes on business net assets are economically harmful because they disincentivize the accumulation of wealth, or capital, in a state. North Carolina’s franchise tax is levied in addition to its corporate income tax, adding a duplicative layer of tax and compliance burdens for many firms.
Moving forward, North Carolina policymakers should continue prioritizing reductions in the franchise tax rate. Policymakers should also consider setting a maximum franchise tax payment, as several other states have done. Currently, the franchise tax liability for holding companies is capped at $150,000, but C corporations and S corporationAn S corporation is a business entity which elects to pass business income and losses through to its shareholders. The shareholders are then responsible for paying individual income taxes on this income. Unlike subchapter C corporations, an S corporation (S corp) is not subject to the corporate income tax (CIT). s are subject to franchise taxes without limit.
While the franchise tax, which is a much more significant source of revenue than most similar taxes elsewhere, is unusual and compares unfavorably with peer states, North Carolina’s overall tax competitiveness continues to improve. The latest reforms only cement the state’s status as a national leader in tax reform and overall tax competitiveness.
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